# Research dossier Run `4fb36ca0-8500-4de2-87e4-fcd259b5329d`. Asked as: ``` Where did the European idea of the witch (a person in a pact with the Devil who attends sabbaths and harms by magic) come from, and did the printing press, through works like the Malleus Maleficarum (1486), cause or spread the witch hunts of 1450-1750? ``` This document is a **method transcript, not a verdict**. It records what was asked, where this run looked, what it read, how each passage bore on each competing explanation, and what it could not settle — in that order, so a reader can perform the adjudication instead of being handed one. Nothing below asserts that the run's conclusions are correct. ### TL;DR — provisional read This is a navigation aid, not a new synthesis. It restates the first three asserted findings in the run's own synthesis order and points to their audit trail in §§6–13; it does not rank them by the ordinal score matrix. #### Current read - `fnd_92d91b3e07896cef_00` [observed; computed confidence: unknown] Taken together, the evidence favours H2 over the strong form of H1 at the level of individual elements: every component of the cumulative concept is attested outside and before the 1420s-1430s Western Alps — night flight and the Diana/Herodias train in tenth-century canon law, the implicit demonic pact as a 1398 Paris university ruling, sect/conspiracy tropes (secret meetings, orgies, infanticide) transferred from earlier heresy prosecutions, the inquisitorial habit of inferring heresy from almost any magical practice already criticised in 1258, and wholesale secular witch prosecutions at Berne around 1400. H1's falsifier is therefore met element-by-element, and the Alpine trials cannot have invented the parts. *Why that level:* 13 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found; 3 source(s) could not be traced to an origin. - `fnd_8fa7fc2a016fbf9b_01` [inferred; computed confidence: unknown] A weakened H1 nonetheless survives and is the better reading of the operational record: what is distinctively Alpine is not the invention of elements but their first assembly into a systematic, mass-casualty prosecution programme — Valais 1428 with 200+ executions and a '700-strong' conspiracy, Briançon 1437, Fründ's bundling of pact, devil-tribute, avoidance of mass and confession, salved chairs and nocturnal sabbath, and the collection of Valais/Vaud/Savoy proceedings by the theologians from whom Nider's Formicarius was composed. The distinction that reconciles H1 and H2 is between element genealogy (diffuse, centuries deep) and procedural fusion at scale (concentrated, Alpine, 1420s-1430s). *Why that level:* 9 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found; 2 source(s) could not be traced to an origin. - `fnd_69e203557b1a06a9_02` [inferred; computed confidence: unknown] The grafting mechanism H1 posits is itself supported as causal, independently of where it first fired: heresy-prosecution machinery supplied both the conspiratorial content (crimes formerly charged against heretical sects projected onto witches, French witchcraft even labelled 'Vauderie' by confusion with Waldensians) and the institutional capacity, since the Lausanne inquisition that prosecuted the Alpine cases existed because of the Fribourg Waldensian campaigns of 1399-1430 and preceded the witch trials it then conducted. *Why that level:* 5 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found; 3 source(s) could not be traced to an origin. #### In plain language > Historians found that every piece of the witch-hunt idea existed separately centuries before. But the full package formed together only in the Alps around 1430, spreading through expert networks rather than through printed books. *Written by a language model from the findings below — the only prose in this document a model composed. Measured reading grade: 11.5 (Flesch-Kincaid). This is above the eighth-grade level the note aims for; it is printed as written rather than withheld. It restates the findings; it is not evidence, nothing cites it, and no stage of the research could read it.* #### Evidence score **13 findings asserted, unknown confidence — 14 / 100.** 0 independent origin(s) behind 13 asserted finding(s); 14 recorded stress attack(s). Components summed to 15; counter-evidence was found, which caps the unknown band. Components: corroboration 0/40 · provenance 0/25 · falsification 15/20 · saturation 0/15. **Numeric probability: not estimated.** The score above is a stated transform of the counts printed beside it, bounded so it can never outrank the computed confidence level it reports. It is not a probability: this run has no calibrated priors or likelihood model, and the `++`, `+`, `0`, `-`, `--` matrix is ordinal and cannot honestly be converted into a percentage. A reader who rejects the weighting still has every count it was made from. #### Strongest directly cited passages Selected only from citations attached to the findings above: traced origin first, then the evidence hierarchy in force at render time, then ledger order. A higher publisher tier does not repair untraced provenance. - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_01` — origin untraced; tier: expert analysis; CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft: certain abandoned women, turning aside to follow Satan, being seduced by the illusions and phantasms of demons, believe and openly profess that in the dead of night they ride upon certain beasts along with the pagan goddess Diana and a countless horde of women and that in these silent hours they fly over vast tracts of… - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_02` — origin untraced; tier: expert analysis; CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft: it is the duty of priests earnestly to instruct the people that these things are absolutely untrue and that such imaginings are planted in the minds of misbelieving folk, not by a Divine spirit, but by the spirit of evil - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_04` — origin untraced; tier: expert analysis; CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft: Alexander IV, indeed, ruled (1258) that the inquisitors should limit their intervention to those cases in which there was some clear presumption of heretical belief (manifeste haeresim saparent), but Hansen shows reason for supposing that heretical tendencies were very readily inferred from almost any sort of magical p… #### What would change or overturn this read These are the run's recorded stress conditions, not guarantees that one new fact alone would settle the whole question. See §13 for every attack. - `stp_33b5aa7257942166_00` [source_dependence] targeting `fnd_92d91b3e07896cef_00` — The assertion that every element of the cumulative concept was independently pre-attested relies on retroactively mapping disparate historical motifs onto modern analytical categories. **Recorded failure condition:** Archival examination of the 10th-century canon episcopi and the 1398 Paris decree demonstrates that contemporary legal actors treated these theological categories as fundamentally distinct offences of illusion or superstition rather than actionable legal components of heresy. - `stp_2166d48e098d28d7_01` [survivorship_bias] targeting `fnd_8fa7fc2a016fbf9b_01` — Attributing the procedural fusion at scale uniquely to the Alpine region in the 1420s–1430s may reflect differential record preservation across regional secular and episcopal archives rather than an Alpine operational monopoly. **Recorded failure condition:** Pre-1420 court records from adjacent regions (such as northern Italy, the Rhineland, or central France) reveal comparable systematic trials fusing pact, nocturnal assembly, and sect accusations that failed to enter surviving regional chronicles. - `stp_bae2e7dd03dbc668_02` [causal_overreach] targeting `fnd_69e203557b1a06a9_02` — Assuming the Lausanne inquisition's anti-Waldensian machinery causally enabled the witch trials mistakes temporal succession and administrative co-location for direct institutional transfer. **Recorded failure condition:** Personnel, procedural records, and trial dockets in Lausanne and Fribourg show that witch prosecutions were initiated and managed by secular municipal courts operating independently of the diocesan inquisitorial apparatus. ## 1. Research Question Where did the cumulative European witch concept (demonic pact, sabbath attendance, night flight, sect membership) originate by the fusion of earlier folk-magic and maleficium traditions with heresy inquisition, and to what extent did print culture—including the Malleus Maleficarum (1486) and its successive editions and pamphlets—cause or merely spread the witch hunts of c.1450-1750? ## 2. Scope - **Population:** Persons accused, tried, and executed for witchcraft under the cumulative concept (pact with the Devil, sabbath attendance, night flight, sect membership), as distinct from earlier maleficium-only prosecutions; theologians, inquisitors, judges, and demonological authors who articulated or contested the concept; printers and readers of demonological texts. - **Geography:** Western and Central Europe, with particular attention to the Alpine region (Valais, Vaud, Dauphiné, Switzerland) as the locus of the 1420s-30s trials, the Holy Roman Empire (especially its German-speaking territories, where Malleus editions concentrated and prosecution rates were highest), and comparison with other regions (France, British Isles, Spain/Mediterranean, Scandinavia, Eastern Europe) to assess regional variation in uptake of the concept and of print. - **Period:** c.906 (Canon Episcopi) through 1750, with focus sub-periods: 1420s-1430s (early Alpine trials, Errores Gazariorum, Nider's Formicarius); 1484-1486 (Summis desiderantes affectibus, Malleus Maleficarum first edition); 1560-1630 (peak prosecution decades); 1563-1584 (skeptical counter-literature: Weyer, Scot); decline to 1750. ### Out of scope - Full causal estimation or endorsement of any single-factor explanation (print, religious conflict, climate, state formation) for the witch hunts as a whole; this scope covers testing the specific print-causation claim against timing, judicial use, and regional variation evidence. - Detailed demographic or statistical reanalysis of total execution counts beyond the ~40,000-60,000 figure inherited from the prior run. - Non-European witchcraft beliefs and prosecutions (e.g., colonial North America beyond passing comparison, African, Asian, or other non-European traditions). - Modern (post-1750) witchcraft revivals, Wicca, or contemporary witch-hunting phenomena in other parts of the world. - Detailed textual/theological exegesis of the Malleus unrelated to its role in the pact/sabbath/print questions (e.g., its treatment of specific canon law procedure in general, unrelated to witchcraft). - General history of printing technology or the press as an institution, except as it bears on dissemination of witchcraft texts. ### Ambiguities the question recorded - Whether 'cause' in the print-causation question should be read as necessary condition, sufficient condition, accelerant, or merely correlated timing—different readings yield different evidentiary standards and potentially different answers. - Whether the 1420s-30s Alpine trials and the Errores Gazariorum should be treated as the point of origin of the cumulative concept or as one node in a longer, more diffuse formation process also involving earlier heresy-inquisition discourse (Waldensian/Vauderie prosecutions) and classical/folkloric antecedents. - Whether 'use of the Malleus by courts' requires explicit citation in trial records versus looser evidence such as a judge's known possession of the text or regional correlation between editions and prosecution intensity. - How to treat the gender share of the accused (predominantly but not universally women) as either a datum to be explained by the cumulative concept itself or as an independent variable to be tested against the print-causation hypothesis. - Whether 'spread' should be understood geographically (new regions adopting the concept) or temporally (concept persisting/intensifying in regions that already had it), since the evidence base differs for each. ### Assumptions the question recorded - The prior run's estimate of roughly 40,000-60,000 executions across 1450-1750 is accepted as background scope without re-derivation here. - The cumulative witch concept (pact, sabbath, night flight, sect) is treated as analytically distinct from, and later than, maleficium-only prosecutions, consistent with the reviewer's framing. - Canon Episcopi's classification of night flight as illusion is treated as the baseline position subsequently reversed by 15th-century demonological writers, rather than as one view among many coexisting continuously. - Peak prosecution decades (c.1560-1630) are treated as a meaningful empirical benchmark against which the timing of print causation (post-1486) can be tested. - Claims found to be unverifiable from available primary or secondary evidence will be flagged as such rather than resolved by inference. ## 3. Definitions - Maleficium: harmful magic worked against persons, animals, or crops, prosecutable under older folk-magic and customary/canon law independent of any demonic-pact theory. - Cumulative witch concept: the fused doctrine combining maleficium with a demonic pact, attendance at nocturnal sabbaths, night flight, and membership in an organized sect of witches, as distinguished from simple sorcery or folk magic. - Canon Episcopi (c.906): canon law text classifying claims of night flight with Diana/Herodias as diabolical illusion rather than physical fact, a position later reversed by cumulative-concept theorists. - \'Cause' (in the print-causation question): print production (Malleus editions, pamphlets, demonological treatises) identified as a necessary or substantially contributing factor in the initiation, geographic spread, or intensity of prosecutions, as opposed to 'spread,' meaning dissemination of an idea already in circulation via oral, legal, and institutional channels without print being decisive to prosecution outcomes. - Witch hunts (1450-1750): the wave of trials and executions under the cumulative concept, building on the prior (run 4) estimate of roughly 40,000-60,000 executions across the period. - Use of the Malleus by courts: documented citation, possession, or procedural reliance on the text by judges or inquisitors in specific trials, as distinct from mere publication or circulation of the work. ## 4. Methodology ### Evidence standard The hierarchy below is **the one in force at render time**. It is a module constant, not per-run state — no field on this run stores the ladder its sources were ranked against — so this document can say which ordering is in force as these words are written, and no more. Re-rendering an older run after the constant changes would show that run the newer ladder. | Rank | Tier | What qualifies | |---|---|---| | 1 | primary_data | Primary experimental or observational data: the dataset, trial record, or measurement itself, not a description of it. | | 2 | systematic_review | A systematic review or meta-analysis that pools and appraises primary studies against a stated method. | | 3 | peer_reviewed | A single peer-reviewed study, not yet pooled or independently replicated. | | 4 | government_institutional | A government or institutional dataset or report published by the body that collected or regulates the data. | | 5 | technical_report | A technical report describing methodology and results outside the peer-review process. | | 6 | expert_analysis | Analysis by a named subject-matter expert, not independently reviewed. | | 7 | quality_journalism | Reporting from a publication with a named byline, editorial process, and correction record. | | 8 | industry_commentary | Commentary from an interested party writing about its own field. | | 9 | anecdotal | A single first-hand account, not generalized beyond itself. | | 10 | unsupported | Social media, or a claim with no stated basis at all. | ### How absence is written in this document Three different absences look identical on a page. This document keeps them apart deliberately, because a measured zero and an absent measurement are not the same silence. - *"... has not run"* appears only where a field distinguishes it: the question, the landscape, the search strategy, the falsification report and the stress test are each absent until their stage produces one. - *"This run holds no ..."* appears for every collection. This is weaker on purpose: **an empty collection cannot say** whether the stage that would have filled it ever ran. One empty value stands for two different facts, and nothing in this run's state separates them. That is a defect of the state, stated once, here. - *"This run does not record ..."* appears where there is no field at all — a fact this pipeline never captured, rather than one it captured as empty. ### Searches | Query | Kind | Site | Compiled from | |---|---|---|---| | origin of European witch concept history | anchor | — | cumulative concept of witchcraft | | witchcraft | site_scoped | newadvent.org | institutional or encyclopedia entries summarizing demonological doctrine and trial history | | Canon Episcopi night flight illusion | synonym_expansion | — | Canon Episcopi, night flight | | Valais witch trials 1428 Formicarius Nider | synonym_expansion | — | Vauderie, Errores Gazariorum | | Malleus Maleficarum printing editions influence | synonym_expansion | — | Malleus Maleficarum, print culture | | Summis desiderantes 1484 Innocent VIII | synonym_expansion | — | Malleus Maleficarum | | printing press witch hunt pamphlets spread | synonym_expansion | — | print culture, witch hunt | | witchcraft | site_scoped | plato.stanford.edu | institutional or encyclopedia entries summarizing demonological doctrine and trial history | | Johann Weyer Reginald Scot witchcraft skepticism | synonym_expansion | — | skeptical literature | | witch trials gender women accused percentage | synonym_expansion | — | gender of accused | ### Subquestions - `SQ1` — What were the component elements (maleficium, demonic pact, sabbath attendance, night flight, sect membership) of the cumulative witch concept, and how is each attested in sources prior to and including the 1420s-1430s Alpine trials? - `SQ2` — How did Canon Episcopi's (c.906) classification of night-flight claims as diabolical illusion function as a baseline position in canon law, and through what textual or doctrinal steps was this position reversed by 15th-century theologians and inquisitors? - `SQ3` — What role did earlier heresy-inquisition discourse and procedure (especially Waldensian/Vauderie prosecutions) play in supplying the sect-membership and conspiracy elements later fused into the cumulative witch concept? - `SQ4` — What do the Errores Gazariorum and Nider's Formicarius (1420s-1430s) reveal about the specific Alpine locus (Valais, Vaud, Dauphiné, Switzerland) as a site of fusion between folk-magic/maleficium traditions and heresy-inquisition concepts? - `SQ5` — Should the 1420s-1430s Alpine trials be treated as the point of origin of the cumulative concept, or as one node within a longer, more diffuse formation process also drawing on classical and folkloric antecedents? - `SQ6` — What classical and folkloric antecedents (e.g., Diana/Herodias traditions, earlier maleficium customary law) fed into the formation of the cumulative concept, and how do they relate chronologically to the Alpine trials? - `SQ7` — What were the circumstances of composition and publication of Summis desiderantes affectibus (1484) and the Malleus Maleficarum (1486), and how did the Malleus codify or extend the pact/sabbath/night-flight/sect elements relative to earlier sources? - `SQ8` — What is known about the publication history of the Malleus Maleficarum (editions, print runs, geographic distribution) and of related pamphlets and demonological treatises from 1486 through the peak prosecution decades (1560-1630)? - `SQ9` — What direct evidence exists of judicial use of the Malleus Maleficarum (explicit citation, documented possession, or procedural reliance) in specific witch trials, and how does this evidence vary by region and period? - `SQ10` — What is the temporal relationship between Malleus/demonological print output and the timing of prosecution intensity (including the gap between 1486 publication and the 1560-1630 peak), and what does this timing suggest about necessary, sufficient, accelerant, or merely correlated causal roles for print? - `SQ11` — How did prosecution rates and uptake of the cumulative concept vary regionally (Holy Roman Empire/German-speaking territories vs. France, British Isles, Spain/Mediterranean, Scandinavia, Eastern Europe), and how does this regional variation correlate with the density of Malleus editions and other demonological print circulation in each region? - `SQ12` — In regions or periods where prosecutions occurred without significant print circulation of the Malleus or similar texts, what alternative channels (oral, legal, institutional, ecclesiastical) account for transmission of the cumulative concept? - `SQ13` — What was the content and impact of skeptical counter-literature (Weyer, Scot, 1563-1584) on both the circulation of the cumulative concept and on prosecution trends, and what does its reception suggest about print's causal versus disseminative role? - `SQ14` — What factors and evidence account for the decline of prosecutions toward 1750, and does this decline correlate with changes in print production/circulation of demonological texts or with other factors (legal, intellectual, institutional)? - `SQ15` — What disagreements exist among historians over whether print was a necessary/sufficient cause, mere accelerant, or simply a disseminator of an already-circulating concept, and what evidence do proponents of each position cite? - `SQ16` — What disconfirming evidence (e.g., high-prosecution regions with low print penetration, or high print-penetration regions with low prosecution) bears on the print-causation hypothesis? - `SQ17` — How does the predominantly (though not universally) female gender composition of the accused relate to the articulation of the cumulative concept in demonological texts like the Malleus, and can this gender pattern be used to test the print-causation hypothesis versus other explanatory factors? - `SQ18` — What remains unverifiable or contested in the available primary and secondary evidence regarding the origin of the cumulative concept and the causal versus disseminative role of print, and which specific claims should be flagged as unresolved? ### Retrieval rounds - Round 1, the initial retrieval: 7 snapshot(s). - Round 2, the falsification counter-search: 4 snapshot(s). ## 5. Current State of Knowledge **This is not what the field believes.** It is where this run looked, decided **before any source was read** — vocabulary to search with, places to search in, and the kinds of review to hunt for. It contains no claim about the world, and **no source backs any of it**. Nothing downstream reads it as a claim either, so the worst a bad map can do is search badly. ### Terminology searched - `cumulative concept of witchcraft` — also written `elaborated witch theory`, `composite witch stereotype`, `witch-concept fusion` - `maleficium` — also written `harmful magic`, `malevolent sorcery` - `demonic pact` — also written `pact with the Devil`, `diabolical compact`, `pactum diabolicum` - `sabbath` — also written `witches' sabbath`, `sabbat`, `synagoga`, `nocturnal assembly` - `night flight` — also written `flight of witches`, `aerial transvection`, `nocturnal flight` - `sect of witches` — also written `witch sect`, `organized sect`, `secta maleficarum` - `Canon Episcopi` — also written `canon episcopi text`, `Episcopi canon` - `Malleus Maleficarum` — also written `Hammer of Witches`, `Malleus` - `demonology` — also written `demonological literature`, `treatises on demons` - `inquisition` — also written `heresy inquisition`, `inquisitorial procedure` - `witch hunt` — also written `witch persecution`, `witch craze`, `great witch hunt` - `print culture` — also written `printing press dissemination`, `pamphlet literature`, `early print media` - `skeptical literature` — also written `witchcraft skepticism`, `counter-demonology` - `Vauderie` — also written `Waldensian heresy trials`, `Valdesia` - `Errores Gazariorum` — also written `Errors of the Gazarii` - `folk magic` — also written `popular magic`, `vernacular magic`, `cunning folk practices` - `gender of accused` — also written `gendered persecution`, `women and witchcraft`, `female accused ratio` - `confessionalization` — also written `confessional conflict`, `religious confessionalization` ### Institutions named as places to look - Max Planck Institute for Human Development (History of Emotions) - German Historical Institute - University of Edinburgh (Scottish Witchcraft Survey) - University of Freiburg - Sorbonne (Centre Roland Mousnier) - Warburg Institute - Universität Trier (Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Hexenforschung) - Collegium Carolinum - Institute of Historical Research (London) - Historical Association ### Venues named as places to look - Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft (journal) - German History - Past & Present - Sixteenth Century Journal - Journal of Interdisciplinary History - Continuity and Change - Renaissance Quarterly - Journal of Ecclesiastical History - French Historical Studies - Folklore ### Kinds of review hunted for - review articles or historiographical surveys on the origins of the cumulative witch concept - meta-analyses or synthetic histories of the European witch hunts (e.g. regional comparative surveys) - institutional or encyclopedia entries summarizing demonological doctrine and trial history - historiographical reviews of the print-causation debate regarding the Malleus Maleficarum - survey essays on gender and witchcraft prosecution patterns - critical editions and scholarly introductions to the Malleus Maleficarum and Errores Gazariorum - comparative regional studies of witch trial intensity across Europe ## 6. Key Findings Findings this run could not settle are not here; they are open questions, and §14 holds them. ### Findings that cite evidence - `fnd_92d91b3e07896cef_00` [observed] Taken together, the evidence favours H2 over the strong form of H1 at the level of individual elements: every component of the cumulative concept is attested outside and before the 1420s-1430s Western Alps — night flight and the Diana/Herodias train in tenth-century canon law, the implicit demonic pact as a 1398 Paris university ruling, sect/conspiracy tropes (secret meetings, orgies, infanticide) transferred from earlier heresy prosecutions, the inquisitorial habit of inferring heresy from almost any magical practice already criticised in 1258, and wholesale secular witch prosecutions at Berne around 1400. H1's falsifier is therefore met element-by-element, and the Alpine trials cannot have invented the parts. Cites `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_01`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_02`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_03`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_04`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_06`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_01`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_02`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_04`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_05`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_07`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_03`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_04`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_01`. - `fnd_8fa7fc2a016fbf9b_01` [inferred] A weakened H1 nonetheless survives and is the better reading of the operational record: what is distinctively Alpine is not the invention of elements but their first assembly into a systematic, mass-casualty prosecution programme — Valais 1428 with 200+ executions and a '700-strong' conspiracy, Briançon 1437, Fründ's bundling of pact, devil-tribute, avoidance of mass and confession, salved chairs and nocturnal sabbath, and the collection of Valais/Vaud/Savoy proceedings by the theologians from whom Nider's Formicarius was composed. The distinction that reconciles H1 and H2 is between element genealogy (diffuse, centuries deep) and procedural fusion at scale (concentrated, Alpine, 1420s-1430s). Cites `ev_cd8d10389080_01`, `ev_cd8d10389080_02`, `ev_cd8d10389080_04`, `ev_cd8d10389080_05`, `ev_cd8d10389080_06`, `ev_cd8d10389080_07`, `ev_cd8d10389080_11`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_06`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_11`. - `fnd_69e203557b1a06a9_02` [inferred] The grafting mechanism H1 posits is itself supported as causal, independently of where it first fired: heresy-prosecution machinery supplied both the conspiratorial content (crimes formerly charged against heretical sects projected onto witches, French witchcraft even labelled 'Vauderie' by confusion with Waldensians) and the institutional capacity, since the Lausanne inquisition that prosecuted the Alpine cases existed because of the Fribourg Waldensian campaigns of 1399-1430 and preceded the witch trials it then conducted. Cites `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_03`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_04`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_04`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_05`, `ev_cd8d10389080_03`. Causal claim, on: mechanism, temporality, natural_experiment. - `fnd_cd71831a5edf8472_03` [inferred] Where the origin evidence conflicts, the disagreement tracks the unit being traced rather than the facts: motif-genealogies (Diana flight, pact doctrine, heresy tropes) yield many independent strands and support H2, while text- and campaign-genealogies yield single lineages and support H1 — the Errores Gazariorum is traced from one origin point in the Aosta Valley to French Switzerland, Basel and the Palatinate where it was translated, and Valais 1428 is framed as the first systematic campaign in a region where only occasional burnings had occurred. H2's falsifier (a single traceable lineage) is partially met for the text; it is not met for the ideas the text assembles. Cites `ev_falsify_0db1a8124cda_bd645783b8e9b4550c01bcf1_01`, `ev_cd8d10389080_05`, `ev_cd8d10389080_06`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_01`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_06`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_01`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_12`. - `fnd_93d2c71d3b4ba015_04` [observed] H3 is the worst-supported hypothesis in this ledger and is close to falsified on its own terms: mass prosecutions with full sect framing ran at Valais (1428-1434) and Briançon (1437) decades before any press, hunts were already rising in Switzerland and southern France in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, Kramer secured convictions and executions at Ravensburg in 1484 before publishing, the 1484 bull 'enacted nothing new' and its immediate effects are judged exaggerated, the Malleus itself is said to have contained nothing Nider had not written ~50 years earlier, and the European peak (1560-1660; southwest Germany 1561-1670) lags 1486-87 by 70+ years with a ~54-year edition lull in between. Cites `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_06`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_12`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_13`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_13`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_08`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_16`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_11`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_02`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_06`. - `fnd_35199f227d7392d3_05` [inferred] The residual print effect that does survive is an accelerant effect of the H6 type, not an initiating one: the rate at which cities took up witch-hunting rose after the manuals appeared, the association is lag-dependent (absent at short lags, present once editions had time to percolate), the odds of a city's first trial rise ~29.7% moving edition-density in the prior decade from the mean to one SD above it, and documented procedural uptake exists (Nuremberg's council consulting the book in 1489; Trier authorities in the early 1580s using it explicitly to justify and conduct trials). This meets H4's falsifier only in the weak sense of specifically elevated onset probability, not in the strong sense of print initiating prosecution. Cites `ev_3c433a0d9296_06`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_07`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_08`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_04`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_05`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_14`. Causal claim, on: temporality, dose_response, mechanism. - `fnd_70d1a957731c9de8_06` [inferred] The sharpest internal conflict is between the dose-response edition result and the place-of-printing result: only five of the nine Malleus-printing cities had trials at all, three of those none after 1489, and one none on record — a near-null at the point of densest supply. What distinguishes them is the exposure variable, not the data: printing location measures production, while edition-count-in-prior-decade plus network position measures circulation and reading, and the same study warns that apparent spatial effects may be artefacts of unmeasured diffusion. The accelerant claim therefore holds for circulation-exposure and fails for production-location. Cites `ev_3c433a0d9296_15`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_08`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_09`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_16`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_03`. - `fnd_f69d8b2ac222f423_07` [inferred] Non-print drivers out-perform print wherever the two can be separated, which is the core of H4 and the condition under which H6 degrades to it: trials spread by neighbourhood-specific social reinforcement (cities closer in time and space to prior trials were likelier to hold their own), Protestant districts of Germany out-prosecuted Catholic ones despite the Malleus being a Catholic text, Hanseatic low-prosecution zones were remote from both printing and confessional frontlines (confounding the two), imperial criminal law imposed heavy witchcraft penalties in 1532 independent of demonology, sixteenth- and seventeenth-century trials were mostly in secular hands as papal inquisitorial activity waned, and the authors themselves posit a latent demand for persecution preceding any print supply. Cites `ev_3c433a0d9296_11`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_17`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_10`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_14`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_15`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_12`. Causal claim, on: temporality, dose_response, natural_experiment. - `fnd_ca892ed350d6bb5e_08` [inferred] Reception, not availability, gates any print effect, which supports H6's contingency clause against H3's uniformity: the same text became a working handbook for secular courts across Europe while the Inquisition declined to use it, Spain's Inquisitor General discounted its credibility within a century and in 1538 warned members not to believe everything in it even on apparently firm evidence, Molitoris published a partial dissent within a year or two, and print equally carried the opposition (Weyer 1563, Ewich, Witekind, Scot 1584 — whose book James I had burned). Print supplied a contested menu that institutions filtered, so print density predicts prosecution only where the receiving judiciary was disposed to adopt it. Cites `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_08`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_09`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_10`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_13`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_21`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_22`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_15`. - `fnd_272e96b036d15458_09` [observed] H5 is supported at the level of practice and resisted at the level of elite doctrine, and this is the clean discriminator between the conflicting passages. Practice documents show partial menus: the 1484 bull enumerates almost only maleficium (crops, herds, fertility, apostasy) with no sabbath, flight or sect; Valais confessions list lameness, madness and infanticide; Leuk's 1428 procedure allowed arrest on the slander of three or four neighbours; Valais victims were two-thirds male against the later female-dominated pattern, and Russia ran three-quarters male against Ukraine's ~80% female; Le Franc and other writers rejected flight as lacking common sense while accepting demon-conjuring, and courts could execute regardless of whether they believed in flight; in English usage 'witch' and 'wise woman' were interchangeable. Doctrinal texts, by contrast, present integration: flight supporting sabbath assembly, the Malleus as one structured treatise on reality, nature and procedure, pact-plus-conspiracy as an 'elaborated' concept. Cites `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_01`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_09`, `ev_cd8d10389080_10`, `ev_cd8d10389080_09`, `ev_cd8d10389080_08`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_19`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_20`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_05`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_06`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_12`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_14`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_16`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_02`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_10`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_17`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_11`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_05`. - `fnd_80356bfcf61b8507_10` [inferred] Where the full four-element package does appear in testimony it is interrogator-shaped rather than spontaneous, which explains why H5's falsifier is so hard to meet: the two elderly women confessing sabbath attendance, devil-worship, indecency and infant-eating did so after repeated torture, and the most thorough study of flight-ointment accounts finds such references rarely in voluntary testimony but overwhelmingly in material that authorities recorded and reshaped. The cumulative concept is therefore best read as a property of learned interrogation procedure that co-varies with torture and trained demonological experts, not as a uniformly held popular or judicial doctrine. Cites `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_26`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_09`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_13`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_14`, `ev_cd8d10389080_01`. Causal claim, on: mechanism. - `fnd_e1ce00be27fadbab_11` [inferred] The decline is governed by legal and procedural change with no corresponding print variable: Louis XIV's 1682 prohibition and moderate 1687 edict were followed by a rapid fall in accusations and condemnations, Britain ended trials by statute in 1736, Poland-Lithuania stopped in 1776 a year after the Russian ban, torture was abolished piecemeal (Prussia 1754, Bavaria 1807, Hanover 1822), and trials persisted into 1749 at Würzburg and 1783 at Glarus long after peak demonological output. Symmetry of explanation therefore favours H4: if institutional change ends the hunts, institutional change is the better candidate for driving them. Cites `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_17`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_21`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_23`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_24`. Causal claim, on: temporality. - `fnd_b90b348392dca983_12` [observed] H6's low-print arm is untested in this ledger: the only non-German datapoints are bare tallies (Scotland ~3400 deaths over two centuries; disputed English figures of 3000 versus 30000; Osnabrück 121 in three months, Wolfenbüttel ten in a day) with no accompanying print-penetration measure, and the aggregate European estimates (60,000, 100,000, 40,000 deaths) carry no regional breakdown. Nothing here establishes that Mediterranean or Eastern European prosecutions were of 'markedly different character and lower intensity' because of low print penetration rather than because of judicial structure. Cites `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_20`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_19`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_18`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_23`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_21`. ### Hypothesized A hypothesized finding is a candidate reading this run wrote down. The run **did not establish it**. It may still name passages — the contract requires evidence of the two statuses above and forbids it to the one below, and asks nothing of this one — so a citation here shows what suggested the reading, not what settled it. The group is kept apart for that reason: listed beside an observed finding, a candidate reads as a conclusion the run reached. - `fnd_5cf96ebcf89846c4_15` [hypothesized] A mechanism that would reconcile the dose-response onset result with the null at printing cities and with the Protestant-over-Catholic gradient: print mattered chiefly by qualifying a mobile class of demonological experts whose circuit, not the presses' location, determined where cumulative-concept trials began — predicting that trial onset should track expert itineraries and jurist training, with edition density acting only as a proxy for exposure to that training. ## 7. Evidence Excerpts are printed verbatim, inside a fence: this document writes the stored bytes and does not edit them. Two differences belong to the format rather than to the passage, and both show up only when a passage is read back out of this page. A fenced block terminates each of its own lines, so an excerpt that did not end in a newline gains one. And a markdown parser normalises as it reads: a carriage return comes back as a newline, and a null byte comes back as U+FFFD, because the format requires both. A digest recomputed over text copied out of this page can therefore differ from the snapshot digest printed beside it for those reasons alone — that digest is the one taken over the stored bytes, and it remains the thing to check a passage against. ### Passages weighed against every live explanation #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_01` - Answers subquestion `SQ2`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `Middle Ages > Medieval laws section, quoting the Canon Episcopi` ``` It is also not to be omitted that some unconstrained women, perverted by Satan, seduced by illusions and phantasms of demons, believe and openly profess that, in the dead of night, they ride upon certain beasts with the pagan goddess Diana, with a countless horde of women, and in the silence of the dead of the night to fly over vast tracts of country, and to obey her commands as their mistress, and to be summoned to her service on other nights. ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_02` - Answers subquestion `SQ2`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `Middle Ages > Medieval laws section` ``` The Canon Episcopi, which was written circa 900 AD (though alleged to date from 314 AD), once more following the teachings of Saint Augustine, declared that witches did not exist and that anyone who believed in them was a heretic. ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_03` - Answers subquestion `SQ3`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `Middle Ages > Developing views of the Church section` ``` The idea that witches gained their powers through a pact with the Devil provided a satisfactory explanation, and allowed authorities to develop a mythology through which they could project accusations of crimes formerly associated with various heretical sects (cannibalism, ritual infanticide, and the worship of demonic familiars) onto the newly emerging threat of diabolical witchcraft. ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_04` - Answers subquestion `SQ3`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `Early Modern witch trials section` ``` The origins of the accusations against witches in the Early Modern period are eventually present in trials against heretics, which trials include claims of secret meetings, orgies, and the consumption of babies. ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_05` - Answers subquestion `SQ1`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `Middle Ages > Developing views of the Church section` ``` This pact and the ceremony that accompanied it became widely known as the Witches' Sabbath. The idea of a pact became important—one could be possessed by the Devil and not responsible for one's actions; but to be a witch, one had to sign a pact with the Devil, often to worship him, which was heresy and meant damnation. ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_06` - Answers subquestion `SQ1`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `Middle Ages > Increasing fear and early witch-hunts section` ``` In 1398, the University of Paris declared that a demonic pact could be implicit; no document need be signed, as the mere act of summoning a demon constituted an implied pact. ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_07` - Answers subquestion `SQ7`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `Early Modern witch trials section` ``` In 1486, Heinrich Kramer, a member of the Dominican Order, published the Malleus Maleficarum (the 'Hammer against the Witches'). It was used by both Catholics and Protestants for several hundred years, outlining how to identify a witch, what makes a woman more likely than a man to be a witch, how to put a witch on trial, and how to punish a witch. ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_08` - Answers subquestion `SQ8`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `Early Modern witch trials section` ``` It became the handbook for secular courts throughout Europe, but was not used by the Inquisition, which even cautioned against relying on it. It was the most sold book in Europe for over 100 years, after the Bible. ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_09` - Answers subquestion `SQ9`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `Early Modern witch trials section` ``` Scholars are unclear on just how influential the Malleus was in its day. Less than one hundred years after it was written, the Council of the Inquisitor General in Spain discounted the credibility of the Malleus since it contained numerous errors. ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_10` - Answers subquestion `SQ9`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `References, note citing Jolly, Raudvere, Peters (2002), p. 241` ``` In 1538 the Spanish Inquisition cautioned its members not to believe everything the Malleus said, even when it presented apparently firm evidence. ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_11` - Answers subquestion `SQ10`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `Early Modern witch trials section` ``` As society became more literate (due mostly to the invention of the printing press in the 1440s), increasing numbers of books and tracts fueled the witch fears. ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_12` - Answers subquestion `SQ10`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `Early Modern witch trials section` ``` There were an estimated 110,000 witchcraft trials in Europe between 1450 and 1750, with half of the cases seeing the accused being executed. Witch hunts began to increase first in southern France and Switzerland, during the 14th and 15th centuries. Witch hunts and witchcraft trials rose markedly during the social upheavals of the 16th century, peaking between 1560 and 1660. ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_13` - Answers subquestion `SQ11`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `Early Modern witch trials section` ``` The peak years of witch-hunts in southwest Germany were from 1561 to 1670. ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_14` - Answers subquestion `SQ11`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `Early Modern witch trials section` ``` The "Caroline Code", the basic law code of the Holy Roman Empire (1532) imposed heavy penalties on witchcraft. ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_15` - Answers subquestion `SQ13`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `Early Modern witch trials section` ``` From the sixteenth century on, there were some writers who protested against witch trials, witch hunting and the belief that witchcraft existed. Among them were Johann Weyer, Reginald Scot, and Friedrich Spee. ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_16` - Answers subquestion `SQ13`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `Pre-modern beliefs > Witches and folk healers section` ``` The English MP and skeptic Reginald Scot sought to disprove magic and witchcraft, writing in The Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584), "At this day it is indifferent to say in the English tongue, 'she is a witch' or 'she is a wise woman'". ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_17` - Answers subquestion `SQ14`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `Early Modern witch trials section` ``` In 1682, King Louis XIV prohibited further witch-trials in France. In 1687, Louis XIV issued an edict against witchcraft that was rather moderate compared to former ones; it ignored black cats and other lurid fantasies of the witch mania. After this, the number of witches accused and condemned fell rapidly. In 1736, Great Britain formally ended witch-trials with passage of the Witchcraft Act 1735 (9 Geo. 2. c. 5). ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_18` - Answers subquestion `SQ17`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `Early Modern witch trials section` ``` The book defines a witch as evil and typically female. ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_19` - Answers subquestion `SQ17`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `Early Modern witch trials section` ``` The majority of those accused were women, though in some regions the majority were men. ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_20` - Answers subquestion `SQ11`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `History > In Eastern Europe section` ``` In Russia, three quarters of those accused of witchcraft were men. This starkly differed from the situation in Ukraine, where almost 80% of those accused of witchcraft were women. ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_21` - Answers subquestion `SQ16`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `History > In Eastern Europe section` ``` Persecution of witches in Poland-Lithuania was officially stopped in 1776, one year after a ban on witch trials was introduced in the Russian Empire. ``` #### `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_23` - Answers subquestion `SQ18`. - Read from `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Located at: `Notes section` ``` Brian P. Levack multiplied the number of known European witch trials by the average rate of conviction and execution, to arrive at a figure of around 60,000 deaths. Anne Lewellyn Barstow adjusted Levack's estimate to account for lost records, estimating 100,000 deaths. Ronald Hutton argues that Levack's estimate had already been adjusted for these, and revises the figure to approximately 40,000. ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_01` - Answers subquestion `SQ2`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `section 364, De ecclesiasticis disciplinis (Regino of Prüm, A.D. 906)` ``` certain abandoned women, turning aside to follow Satan, being seduced by the illusions and phantasms of demons, believe and openly profess that in the dead of night they ride upon certain beasts along with the pagan goddess Diana and a countless horde of women and that in these silent hours they fly over vast tracts of country and obey her as their mistress, while on other nights they are summoned to pay her homage. ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_02` - Answers subquestion `SQ2`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `section 364, De ecclesiasticis disciplinis (Regino of Prüm, A.D. 906)` ``` it is the duty of priests earnestly to instruct the people that these things are absolutely untrue and that such imaginings are planted in the minds of misbelieving folk, not by a Divine spirit, but by the spirit of evil ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_04` - Answers subquestion `SQ3`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'On the other hand, after the middle of the thirteenth century'` ``` Alexander IV, indeed, ruled (1258) that the inquisitors should limit their intervention to those cases in which there was some clear presumption of heretical belief (manifeste haeresim saparent), but Hansen shows reason for supposing that heretical tendencies were very readily inferred from almost any sort of magical practices. ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_05` - Answers subquestion `SQ3`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph discussing Berne, Valais, Briançon prosecutions` ``` In France at this period the crime of witchcraft was frequently designated as "Vauderie" through some confusion seemingly with the followers of the heretic, Peter Waldes. ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_06` - Answers subquestion `SQ4`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph discussing Berne, Valais, Briançon prosecutions` ``` other campaigns — for example in the Valais (1428-1434) when 200 witches were put to death, or at Briançon in 1437 when over 150 suffered, some of them by drowning — were carried on by the secular courts. ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_07` - Answers subquestion `SQ4`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph discussing Berne, Valais, Briançon prosecutions` ``` About the year 1400 we find wholesale witch-prosecutions being carried out at Berne in Switzerland by Peter de Gruyères, who, despite the assertions of Riezler, was unquestionably a secular judge ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_08` - Answers subquestion `SQ7`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph on Summis desiderantes affectibus (1484)` ``` Not only had an active campaign against most forms of sorcery already been going on for a long period, but in the matter of procedure, of punishments, of judges, etc., Innocent's Bull enacted nothing new. Its direct purport was simply to ratify the powers already conferred upon Henry Institoris and James Sprenger, inquisitors, to deal with persons of every class and with every form of crime ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_09` - Answers subquestion `SQ7`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph on Summis desiderantes affectibus (1484)` ``` by specifying the evil practices charged against the witches — for example their intercourse with incubi and succubi, their interference with the parturition of women and animals, the damage they did to cattle and the fruits of the earth, their power and malice in the infliction of pain and disease, the hindrance caused to men in their conjugal relations, and the witches' repudiation of the faith of their baptism ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_10` - Answers subquestion `SQ7`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'Probably the most disastrous episode was the publication a year or two later'` ``` This work is divided into three parts, the first two of which deal with the reality of witchcraft as established by the Bible, etc., as well as its nature and horrors and the manner of dealing with it, while the third lays down practical rules for procedure whether the trial be conducted in an ecclesiastical or a secular court. ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_11` - Answers subquestion `SQ8`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'Probably the most disastrous episode was the publication a year or two later'` ``` There can be no doubt that the book, owing to its reproduction by the printing press, exercised great influence. It contained, indeed, nothing that was new. The "Formicaris" of John Nider, which had been written nearly fifty years earlier, exhibits just as intimate a knowledge of the supposed phenomena of sorcery. ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_12` - Answers subquestion `SQ8`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'Probably the most disastrous episode was the publication a year or two later'` ``` But the "Malleus" professed (in part fraudulently) to have been approved by the University of Cologne, and it was sensational in the stigma it attached to witchcraft as a worse crime than heresy and in its notable animus against the female sex. ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_13` - Answers subquestion `SQ8`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'Probably the most disastrous episode was the publication a year or two later'` ``` Ulrich Molitoris a year or two later published a work, "De Lamiis", which, though disagreeing with the more extravagant of the representations made in the "Malleus", did not question the existence of witches. ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_14` - Answers subquestion `SQ9`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'Probably the most disastrous episode was the publication a year or two later'` ``` Institoris started a witch campaign at Innsbruck in 1485, but here his procedure was severely criticised and resisted by the Bishop of Brixen ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_15` - Answers subquestion `SQ9`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'Probably the most disastrous episode was the publication a year or two later'` ``` So far as the papal inquisitors were concerned, the Bull, especially in Germany, heralded the close rather than the commencement of their activity. The witch-trials of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were for the most part in secular hands. ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_16` - Answers subquestion `SQ10`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'Probably the most disastrous episode was the publication a year or two later'` ``` Certainly the immediate effects of Innocent VIII's Bull have been greatly exaggerated. ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_17` - Answers subquestion `SQ11`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph on Carolina 1532 and Augustus of Saxony` ``` On the whole, greater activity in hunting down witches was shown in the Protestant districts of Germany than in the Catholic provinces. ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_18` - Answers subquestion `SQ11`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph on Carolina 1532 and Augustus of Saxony` ``` In Osnabrück, in 1583, 121 persons were burned in three months. At Wolfenbuttenl in 1593 as many as ten witches were often burned in one day. ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_19` - Answers subquestion `SQ11`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'Perhaps the most effective protest on the side of humanity'` ``` One statement declares that 30,000, another that 3000, were hanged in England during the rule of the Parliament (Notestein, op. cit. infra, p. 194). ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_20` - Answers subquestion `SQ11`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'Perhaps the most effective protest on the side of humanity'` ``` A careful article by Legge in the "Scottish Review" (Oct., 1891) estimates that during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries "3400 persons perished". ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_21` - Answers subquestion `SQ13`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph on Carolina 1532 and Augustus of Saxony` ``` It was not until 1563 that any effective resistance to the persecution began to be offered. This came first from a Protestant of Cleues, John Weyer, and other protests were shortly afterwards published in the same sense by Ewich and Witekind. ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_22` - Answers subquestion `SQ13`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph on Carolina 1532 and Augustus of Saxony` ``` Jean Bodin, a French Protestant lawyer, replied to Weyer in 1580 with much asperity, and in 1589 the Catholic Bishop Binsfeld and Father Delrio, a Jesuit, wrote on the same side, though Delrio wished to mitigate the severity of the witch trials and denounced the excessive use of torture. Bodin's book was answered amongst others by the Englishman Reginald Scott in his "Discoverie of Witchcraft" (1584), but this answer was ordered to be burned by James I, who replied to it in his "Daemonologie". ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_23` - Answers subquestion `SQ14`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'In modern times, considerable attention has been given'` ``` At the end of the seventeenth century the persecution almost everywhere began to slacken, and early in the eighteenth it practically ceased. Torture was abolished in Prussia in 1754, in Bavaria in 1807, in Hanover in 1822. ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_24` - Answers subquestion `SQ14`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'In modern times, considerable attention has been given'` ``` The last trial for witchcraft in Germany was in 1749 at Würzburg, but in Switzerland a girl was executed for this offence in the Protestant Canton of Glarus in 1783. ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_26` - Answers subquestion `SQ1`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph on the 1334 Toulouse trial` ``` Two of the condemned, both elderly women, after repeated application of torture, confessed that they had assisted at witches' sabbaths, had there worshipped the Devil, had been guilty of indecencies with him and with the other persons present, and had eaten the flesh of infants whom they had carried off by night from their nurses ``` #### `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_27` - Answers subquestion `SQ17`. - Read from `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'Probably the most disastrous episode was the publication a year or two later'` ``` it was sensational in the stigma it attached to witchcraft as a worse crime than heresy and in its notable animus against the female sex ``` #### `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_01` - Answers subquestion `SQ1`. - Read from `src_e9761ff6313aeff7c3f127ff` — Can witches fly? A historian unpacks the medieval invention − and skepticism − of the witch on a broomstick - URL: `https://theconversation.com/can-witches-fly-a-historian-unpacks-the-medieval-invention-and-skepticism-of-the-witch-on-a-broomstick-222472` - Snapshot digest: `6f6d43b76b0d0121311eca2195463f0a1db4096f299816ea95be45998b1b9907` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'The image of a witch flying'` ``` Several theologians, church inquisitors, secular magistrates and other authorities first wrote about such flight in the early 1400s. The earliest known visual depiction of flying witches appears in a 1451 manuscript copy of one such text, “Le champion des dames” (“The Defender of Ladies”), by the French poet Martin Le Franc. ``` #### `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_02` - Answers subquestion `SQ1`. - Read from `src_e9761ff6313aeff7c3f127ff` — Can witches fly? A historian unpacks the medieval invention − and skepticism − of the witch on a broomstick - URL: `https://theconversation.com/can-witches-fly-a-historian-unpacks-the-medieval-invention-and-skepticism-of-the-witch-on-a-broomstick-222472` - Snapshot digest: `6f6d43b76b0d0121311eca2195463f0a1db4096f299816ea95be45998b1b9907` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'The notion that witches could fly'` ``` The notion that witches could fly served to support the idea that they gathered in large groups called sabbaths. These gatherings, in turn, heightened the supposed threat witches posed to Christian society. ``` #### `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_03` - Answers subquestion `SQ2`. - Read from `src_e9761ff6313aeff7c3f127ff` — Can witches fly? A historian unpacks the medieval invention − and skepticism − of the witch on a broomstick - URL: `https://theconversation.com/can-witches-fly-a-historian-unpacks-the-medieval-invention-and-skepticism-of-the-witch-on-a-broomstick-222472` - Snapshot digest: `6f6d43b76b0d0121311eca2195463f0a1db4096f299816ea95be45998b1b9907` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'Skepticism about flying witches drew on'` ``` Skepticism about flying witches drew on an early 10th-century church law about women who claimed to ride at night on “certain beasts” in the train of the pagan goddess Diana, whom Christian authorities understood to be a demon in disguise. The law declared that such flight was not real, and anyone who thought so had been “seduced by illusions and phantasms of demons.” It prescribed no direct punishment but mandated priests preach against such “infidels.” ``` #### `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_04` - Answers subquestion `SQ6`. - Read from `src_e9761ff6313aeff7c3f127ff` — Can witches fly? A historian unpacks the medieval invention − and skepticism − of the witch on a broomstick - URL: `https://theconversation.com/can-witches-fly-a-historian-unpacks-the-medieval-invention-and-skepticism-of-the-witch-on-a-broomstick-222472` - Snapshot digest: `6f6d43b76b0d0121311eca2195463f0a1db4096f299816ea95be45998b1b9907` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'Skepticism about flying witches drew on'` ``` Skepticism about flying witches drew on an early 10th-century church law about women who claimed to ride at night on “certain beasts” in the train of the pagan goddess Diana, whom Christian authorities understood to be a demon in disguise. ``` #### `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_05` - Answers subquestion `SQ13`. - Read from `src_e9761ff6313aeff7c3f127ff` — Can witches fly? A historian unpacks the medieval invention − and skepticism − of the witch on a broomstick - URL: `https://theconversation.com/can-witches-fly-a-historian-unpacks-the-medieval-invention-and-skepticism-of-the-witch-on-a-broomstick-222472` - Snapshot digest: `6f6d43b76b0d0121311eca2195463f0a1db4096f299816ea95be45998b1b9907` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'Even after the idea'` ``` Even after the idea of witches flying on brooms was introduced to European society, it was not readily accepted. Many who wrote about witchcraft at this time, including Le Franc, were quite skeptical about the reality of flying witches. ``` #### `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_06` - Answers subquestion `SQ13`. - Read from `src_e9761ff6313aeff7c3f127ff` — Can witches fly? A historian unpacks the medieval invention − and skepticism − of the witch on a broomstick - URL: `https://theconversation.com/can-witches-fly-a-historian-unpacks-the-medieval-invention-and-skepticism-of-the-witch-on-a-broomstick-222472` - Snapshot digest: `6f6d43b76b0d0121311eca2195463f0a1db4096f299816ea95be45998b1b9907` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'Skeptics of magical flight were quite specific'` ``` Le Franc, for example, declared that anyone who thought that witches could fly lacked “common sense.” On the other hand, he fully accepted that magicians, who were generally male, could conjure demons and that “magic arts” had been practiced as far back as ancient Persia. ``` #### `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_07` - Answers subquestion `SQ17`. - Read from `src_e9761ff6313aeff7c3f127ff` — Can witches fly? A historian unpacks the medieval invention − and skepticism − of the witch on a broomstick - URL: `https://theconversation.com/can-witches-fly-a-historian-unpacks-the-medieval-invention-and-skepticism-of-the-witch-on-a-broomstick-222472` - Snapshot digest: `6f6d43b76b0d0121311eca2195463f0a1db4096f299816ea95be45998b1b9907` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'Witchcraft accusations at this time'` ``` Witchcraft accusations at this time were increasingly focused on women. The clothing of the figures in Le Franc’s text depicts them as coming from non-elite ranks of medieval society. So do the implements on which they fly. Staffs and brooms were tools for ordinary housework. ``` #### `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_08` - Answers subquestion `SQ17`. - Read from `src_e9761ff6313aeff7c3f127ff` — Can witches fly? A historian unpacks the medieval invention − and skepticism − of the witch on a broomstick - URL: `https://theconversation.com/can-witches-fly-a-historian-unpacks-the-medieval-invention-and-skepticism-of-the-witch-on-a-broomstick-222472` - Snapshot digest: `6f6d43b76b0d0121311eca2195463f0a1db4096f299816ea95be45998b1b9907` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'The story, however, is not so simple'` ``` The story, however, is not so simple as male authorities accepting the reality of magic practiced by men but doubting that women flew on brooms. These same authorities were, in general, taking other aspects of witchcraft more seriously. ``` #### `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_09` - Answers subquestion `SQ16`. - Read from `src_e9761ff6313aeff7c3f127ff` — Can witches fly? A historian unpacks the medieval invention − and skepticism − of the witch on a broomstick - URL: `https://theconversation.com/can-witches-fly-a-historian-unpacks-the-medieval-invention-and-skepticism-of-the-witch-on-a-broomstick-222472` - Snapshot digest: `6f6d43b76b0d0121311eca2195463f0a1db4096f299816ea95be45998b1b9907` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'Did women accused of witchcraft'` ``` Scholars have speculated that the ointments often mentioned in accounts of such flight might have functioned as hallucinogens, producing sensations of flying. The most thorough study of these accounts, however, finds that such references rarely appear in voluntary testimony. They come instead from authorities recording, and often reshaping, what accused witches said. ``` #### `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_10` - Answers subquestion `SQ14`. - Read from `src_e9761ff6313aeff7c3f127ff` — Can witches fly? A historian unpacks the medieval invention − and skepticism − of the witch on a broomstick - URL: `https://theconversation.com/can-witches-fly-a-historian-unpacks-the-medieval-invention-and-skepticism-of-the-witch-on-a-broomstick-222472` - Snapshot digest: `6f6d43b76b0d0121311eca2195463f0a1db4096f299816ea95be45998b1b9907` - Located at: `final paragraph` ``` Although witch-hunting ended – at least in Europe and North America – in the 18th century, the image of witches flying on brooms endures. ``` #### `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_11` - Answers subquestion `SQ1`. - Read from `src_e9761ff6313aeff7c3f127ff` — Can witches fly? A historian unpacks the medieval invention − and skepticism − of the witch on a broomstick - URL: `https://theconversation.com/can-witches-fly-a-historian-unpacks-the-medieval-invention-and-skepticism-of-the-witch-on-a-broomstick-222472` - Snapshot digest: `6f6d43b76b0d0121311eca2195463f0a1db4096f299816ea95be45998b1b9907` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'Some texts fully accepted'` ``` Some texts fully accepted the idea that witches flew, often on brooms or staffs. One described witches traveling to sabbaths on staffs anointed with a magical ointment and flying into the mountains to gather ice to cause hailstorms. ``` #### `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_12` - Answers subquestion `SQ2`. - Read from `src_e9761ff6313aeff7c3f127ff` — Can witches fly? A historian unpacks the medieval invention − and skepticism − of the witch on a broomstick - URL: `https://theconversation.com/can-witches-fly-a-historian-unpacks-the-medieval-invention-and-skepticism-of-the-witch-on-a-broomstick-222472` - Snapshot digest: `6f6d43b76b0d0121311eca2195463f0a1db4096f299816ea95be45998b1b9907` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'Other texts, however'` ``` Other texts, however, were not sure that such flight was real. One noted that accused witches claimed to fly from mountaintop to mountaintop on chairs, but it also hinted that demons might have tricked them into thinking they did. Another text stated that accused witches who claimed to fly were “deluded” by the devil. ``` #### `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_13` - Answers subquestion `SQ18`. - Read from `src_e9761ff6313aeff7c3f127ff` — Can witches fly? A historian unpacks the medieval invention − and skepticism − of the witch on a broomstick - URL: `https://theconversation.com/can-witches-fly-a-historian-unpacks-the-medieval-invention-and-skepticism-of-the-witch-on-a-broomstick-222472` - Snapshot digest: `6f6d43b76b0d0121311eca2195463f0a1db4096f299816ea95be45998b1b9907` - Located at: `paragraph beginning 'In the end'` ``` In the end, allegations of flight and dismissal of its reality may have sprung entirely from the minds of legal and religious authorities who codified and condemned the idea of witchcraft. ``` #### `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_14` - Answers subquestion `SQ18`. - Read from `src_e9761ff6313aeff7c3f127ff` — Can witches fly? A historian unpacks the medieval invention − and skepticism − of the witch on a broomstick - URL: `https://theconversation.com/can-witches-fly-a-historian-unpacks-the-medieval-invention-and-skepticism-of-the-witch-on-a-broomstick-222472` - Snapshot digest: `6f6d43b76b0d0121311eca2195463f0a1db4096f299816ea95be45998b1b9907` - Located at: `paragraph following 'In the end'` ``` Their skepticism hardly mattered. Courts could execute convicted witches regardless of whether they believed they could fly. ``` #### `ev_cd8d10389080_01` - Answers subquestion `SQ4`. - Read from `src_c0144672df4e1e6edc3c5579` — Valais witch trials - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais_witch_trials` - Snapshot digest: `cd8d10389080a076440bfa78ff3830341d64622fd249ea2036feec53b2a32a13` - Located at: `History section, paragraph on Fründ's account` ``` According to Fründ's account, the victims were accused of murder, heresy, and sorcery, being in pact with the devil. They were supposedly paying tribute to the devil, who appeared as a black animal such as a bear or a ram. The devil asked his followers to avoid holy mass and confession. ``` #### `ev_cd8d10389080_02` - Answers subquestion `SQ1`. - Read from `src_c0144672df4e1e6edc3c5579` — Valais witch trials - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais_witch_trials` - Snapshot digest: `cd8d10389080a076440bfa78ff3830341d64622fd249ea2036feec53b2a32a13` - Located at: `History section, paragraph following Fründ's account of pact` ``` He also alludes to the topos of flying witches - saying that they would apply a salve to their chairs, and then ride the chairs wherever they wanted - and the Witches' Sabbath, saying that the witches would meet in people's cellars at night and drink their wine, and meeting to listen to anti-Christian sermons by the devil in the form of a schoolmaster, with a mock-confession of any good-deeds they might have done, which would gain much influence in the early modern period. ``` #### `ev_cd8d10389080_03` - Answers subquestion `SQ3`. - Read from `src_c0144672df4e1e6edc3c5579` — Valais witch trials - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais_witch_trials` - Snapshot digest: `cd8d10389080a076440bfa78ff3830341d64622fd249ea2036feec53b2a32a13` - Located at: `History section, second paragraph` ``` The witch trials emerged before the background of the persecution of the Waldensians in Fribourg (1399–1430), due to which a functioning inquisition with a seat in Lausanne had been established. ``` #### `ev_cd8d10389080_04` - Answers subquestion `SQ4`. - Read from `src_c0144672df4e1e6edc3c5579` — Valais witch trials - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais_witch_trials` - Snapshot digest: `cd8d10389080a076440bfa78ff3830341d64622fd249ea2036feec53b2a32a13` - Located at: `History section, paragraph on number of victims` ``` Fründ speaks of a conspiracy of "700" witches of which "more than 200" had been burned two years into the trials (c. 1430). ``` #### `ev_cd8d10389080_05` - Answers subquestion `SQ5`. - Read from `src_c0144672df4e1e6edc3c5579` — Valais witch trials - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais_witch_trials` - Snapshot digest: `cd8d10389080a076440bfa78ff3830341d64622fd249ea2036feec53b2a32a13` - Located at: `Introductory summary paragraph` ``` The Valais witch-hunt is the first of the systematic campaigns which would become much more widespread in the decades to come, initiating the period of witch trials in Europe. ``` #### `ev_cd8d10389080_06` - Answers subquestion `SQ4`. - Read from `src_c0144672df4e1e6edc3c5579` — Valais witch trials - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais_witch_trials` - Snapshot digest: `cd8d10389080a076440bfa78ff3830341d64622fd249ea2036feec53b2a32a13` - Located at: `History section, first paragraph` ``` Although occasional burning of witches (hexen) is recorded in Switzerland since the beginning of the 15th century, the Valais trials of 1428 are the first event in which the accusation of sorcery leads to systematic persecution with hundreds of victims executed. ``` #### `ev_cd8d10389080_07` - Answers subquestion `SQ7`. - Read from `src_c0144672df4e1e6edc3c5579` — Valais witch trials - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais_witch_trials` - Snapshot digest: `cd8d10389080a076440bfa78ff3830341d64622fd249ea2036feec53b2a32a13` - Located at: `Reception and influence section, final paragraph` ``` These documents were perused by the first generation of authors on witchcraft, such as Johannes Nider, the author of Formicarius (written 1436–1438). ``` #### `ev_cd8d10389080_08` - Answers subquestion `SQ17`. - Read from `src_c0144672df4e1e6edc3c5579` — Valais witch trials - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais_witch_trials` - Snapshot digest: `cd8d10389080a076440bfa78ff3830341d64622fd249ea2036feec53b2a32a13` - Located at: `History section, paragraph on number of victims` ``` Contrary to the later phase of the European witch-trials, when the majority of those accused were women, the victims in the Valais witch trials are estimated to have been two-thirds male and one-third female. ``` #### `ev_cd8d10389080_09` - Answers subquestion `SQ4`. - Read from `src_c0144672df4e1e6edc3c5579` — Valais witch trials - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais_witch_trials` - Snapshot digest: `cd8d10389080a076440bfa78ff3830341d64622fd249ea2036feec53b2a32a13` - Located at: `History section, paragraph on 1428 proclamation` ``` On 7 August, the authorities in Leuk issued a formal proclamation of the necessary procedures for a witch trial. According to this document, the "public talk or slander of three or four neighbours" was enough for arrest and imprisonment, even if the accused was a member of the nobility. ``` #### `ev_cd8d10389080_10` - Answers subquestion `SQ6`. - Read from `src_c0144672df4e1e6edc3c5579` — Valais witch trials - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais_witch_trials` - Snapshot digest: `cd8d10389080a076440bfa78ff3830341d64622fd249ea2036feec53b2a32a13` - Located at: `History section, paragraph on Fründ's account of pact` ``` Fründ relates that some of the accused were tortured to death without issuing a confession, while others did confess a variety of evil deeds, such as causing lameness, blindness, madness, miscarriage, impotence, infertility, and killing and eating their own children. ``` #### `ev_cd8d10389080_11` - Answers subquestion `SQ4`. - Read from `src_c0144672df4e1e6edc3c5579` — Valais witch trials - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais_witch_trials` - Snapshot digest: `cd8d10389080a076440bfa78ff3830341d64622fd249ea2036feec53b2a32a13` - Located at: `Reception and influence section, paragraph on Council of Basel` ``` Here, theologians discussed the evidence for the new phenomenon of witchcraft and collected the court proceedings from the Valais, Vaud, and Savoy region. ``` #### `ev_3c433a0d9296_01` - Answers subquestion `SQ7`. - Read from `src_441bf6fd7fb9f96d013c91e4` — Ideational diffusion and the great witch hunt in Central Europe | Theory and Society | Springer Nature Link - URL: `https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-024-09576-1` - Snapshot digest: `3c433a0d9296bf405cc76c17f0a9a738fc28f23b1649065662acaac34d8425d0` - Located at: `Malleus maleficarum: transmitter of ideational innovation, para 1` ``` Authored in 1487 by Heinrich Kramer, a Dominican friar, theologian, and inquisitor, and, allegedly, by Jacob Sprenger, a professor in Cologne's prestigious faculty of theology (Sprenger probably played no part in its composition; see Behringer, 2006:718), it was the first printed guide for witch-hunters. ``` #### `ev_3c433a0d9296_02` - Answers subquestion `SQ8`. - Read from `src_441bf6fd7fb9f96d013c91e4` — Ideational diffusion and the great witch hunt in Central Europe | Theory and Society | Springer Nature Link - URL: `https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-024-09576-1` - Snapshot digest: `3c433a0d9296bf405cc76c17f0a9a738fc28f23b1649065662acaac34d8425d0` - Located at: `Malleus maleficarum: transmitter of ideational innovation, para 3` ``` Kramer first published the Malleus maleficarum in Speyer in 1487, with another thirteen editions printed by 1520 and a further fifteen between 1574 and 1620. ``` #### `ev_3c433a0d9296_03` - Answers subquestion `SQ8`. - Read from `src_441bf6fd7fb9f96d013c91e4` — Ideational diffusion and the great witch hunt in Central Europe | Theory and Society | Springer Nature Link - URL: `https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-024-09576-1` - Snapshot digest: `3c433a0d9296bf405cc76c17f0a9a738fc28f23b1649065662acaac34d8425d0` - Located at: `Elaborated theory of witchcraft (measures section)` ``` We searched the Universal Short Title Catalogue (USTC) (Becker and Pascali 2019; Dittmar & Seabold 2019) and recorded the year and city of printing for each edition. In total, printers published 28 editions in nine cities during 1450–1650, the scope of the USTC. ``` #### `ev_3c433a0d9296_04` - Answers subquestion `SQ9`. - Read from `src_441bf6fd7fb9f96d013c91e4` — Ideational diffusion and the great witch hunt in Central Europe | Theory and Society | Springer Nature Link - URL: `https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-024-09576-1` - Snapshot digest: `3c433a0d9296bf405cc76c17f0a9a738fc28f23b1649065662acaac34d8425d0` - Located at: `Additional evidence section` ``` For example, magistrates are known to have been consulting the book as early as 1489, when Nuremberg's city council weighed witchcraft charges against local residents (Behringer, 1997:73). ``` #### `ev_3c433a0d9296_05` - Answers subquestion `SQ9`. - Read from `src_441bf6fd7fb9f96d013c91e4` — Ideational diffusion and the great witch hunt in Central Europe | Theory and Society | Springer Nature Link - URL: `https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-024-09576-1` - Snapshot digest: `3c433a0d9296bf405cc76c17f0a9a738fc28f23b1649065662acaac34d8425d0` - Located at: `Additional evidence section` ``` For example, in Trier in the early 1580s local authorities explicitly used it to justify and conduct trials (Rummel, 2020; Schormann, 1996:33). ``` #### `ev_3c433a0d9296_06` - Answers subquestion `SQ10`. - Read from `src_441bf6fd7fb9f96d013c91e4` — Ideational diffusion and the great witch hunt in Central Europe | Theory and Society | Springer Nature Link - URL: `https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-024-09576-1` - Snapshot digest: `3c433a0d9296bf405cc76c17f0a9a738fc28f23b1649065662acaac34d8425d0` - Located at: `Malleus maleficarum section` ``` As Fig. 1 indicates, the persecution of witches did not begin with the appearance of the Malleus, but the rate at which cities took up the practice accelerated once witch-hunting manuals appeared. ``` #### `ev_3c433a0d9296_07` - Answers subquestion `SQ10`. - Read from `src_441bf6fd7fb9f96d013c91e4` — Ideational diffusion and the great witch hunt in Central Europe | Theory and Society | Springer Nature Link - URL: `https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-024-09576-1` - Snapshot digest: `3c433a0d9296bf405cc76c17f0a9a738fc28f23b1649065662acaac34d8425d0` - Located at: `Quantitative results, appendix discussion paragraph` ``` From varying the time lags to 5 and 20 years, we learn that the Malleus did not have an immediate relationship to trials, but, consistent with the percolation mechanism, people needed time to read it and circulate its ideas before holding their first trial. ``` #### `ev_3c433a0d9296_08` - Answers subquestion `SQ10`. - Read from `src_441bf6fd7fb9f96d013c91e4` — Ideational diffusion and the great witch hunt in Central Europe | Theory and Society | Springer Nature Link - URL: `https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-024-09576-1` - Snapshot digest: `3c433a0d9296bf405cc76c17f0a9a738fc28f23b1649065662acaac34d8425d0` - Located at: `Quantitative results, H1 discussion` ``` The odds of having a first trial increases 29.7% with increasing the number of editions in the past 10 years from the mean (1.09) to one standard deviation higher than the mean (2.82). ``` #### `ev_3c433a0d9296_09` - Answers subquestion `SQ11`. - Read from `src_441bf6fd7fb9f96d013c91e4` — Ideational diffusion and the great witch hunt in Central Europe | Theory and Society | Springer Nature Link - URL: `https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-024-09576-1` - Snapshot digest: `3c433a0d9296bf405cc76c17f0a9a738fc28f23b1649065662acaac34d8425d0` - Located at: `Quantitative results, H3 discussion` ``` Eigenvector centrality, which measures whether a city is highly connected to other highly connected cities, was positively and strongly associated with trials; cities with scores one standard deviation above the mean had 1182.25% higher odds of starting witch trials. ``` #### `ev_3c433a0d9296_10` - Answers subquestion `SQ11`. - Read from `src_441bf6fd7fb9f96d013c91e4` — Ideational diffusion and the great witch hunt in Central Europe | Theory and Society | Springer Nature Link - URL: `https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-024-09576-1` - Snapshot digest: `3c433a0d9296bf405cc76c17f0a9a738fc28f23b1649065662acaac34d8425d0` - Located at: `Quantitative results, governmental capacity discussion` ``` Hanseatic cities clustered in the north and east of German lands, more remote from the places where the Malleus was published and, after the Reformation, farther from the frontlines of confessional conflict. ``` #### `ev_3c433a0d9296_11` - Answers subquestion `SQ12`. - Read from `src_441bf6fd7fb9f96d013c91e4` — Ideational diffusion and the great witch hunt in Central Europe | Theory and Society | Springer Nature Link - URL: `https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-024-09576-1` - Snapshot digest: `3c433a0d9296bf405cc76c17f0a9a738fc28f23b1649065662acaac34d8425d0` - Located at: `Quantitative results, H2 discussion` ``` Second, cities closer in both time and space to trials held elsewhere were more likely to hold trials themselves (H2). Social reinforcement had a neighborhood-specific role in determining where witch trials occurred in late medieval and early modern Central Europe. ``` #### `ev_3c433a0d9296_12` - Answers subquestion `SQ13`. - Read from `src_441bf6fd7fb9f96d013c91e4` — Ideational diffusion and the great witch hunt in Central Europe | Theory and Society | Springer Nature Link - URL: `https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-024-09576-1` - Snapshot digest: `3c433a0d9296bf405cc76c17f0a9a738fc28f23b1649065662acaac34d8425d0` - Located at: `Quantitative results, endogeneity paragraph` ``` We acknowledge possible endogeneity between the demand and supply of witchcraft persecution. The historiography of witchcraft suggests that a latent demand for persecution was common in late medieval and early modern society. ``` #### `ev_3c433a0d9296_13` - Answers subquestion `SQ9`. - Read from `src_441bf6fd7fb9f96d013c91e4` — Ideational diffusion and the great witch hunt in Central Europe | Theory and Society | Springer Nature Link - URL: `https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-024-09576-1` - Snapshot digest: `3c433a0d9296bf405cc76c17f0a9a738fc28f23b1649065662acaac34d8425d0` - Located at: `Additional evidence section, Ravensburg paragraph` ``` Prior to the publication of the Malleus, Heinrich Kramer had established a controversial record as an inquisitor and persecutor of witches (Jerouschek 2006). As a recognized expert on conducting inquisitorial procedures, in fall 1484 Kramer visited Ravensburg on the summons of a local chaplain to advise in the investigation of a group of women accused of causing weather anomalies and an outbreak of plague (Schmauder, 2017; Schmauder & Behringer, 2001). His investigation led to the conviction and execution of two of them. ``` #### `ev_3c433a0d9296_14` - Answers subquestion `SQ11`. - Read from `src_441bf6fd7fb9f96d013c91e4` — Ideational diffusion and the great witch hunt in Central Europe | Theory and Society | Springer Nature Link - URL: `https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-024-09576-1` - Snapshot digest: `3c433a0d9296bf405cc76c17f0a9a738fc28f23b1649065662acaac34d8425d0` - Located at: `Additional evidence section, final paragraph` ``` The histories of many large-scale persecutions across Germany in towns such as Wiesensteig (1562-3), Trier (1581-93), Osnabrück (1583), Fulda (1603-6), Würzburg (1625-31), and Bamberg (1627-32) implicate this new class of experts steeped in the theory and practice of demonology (Heuser and Decker 2014; Schormann, 1996). ``` #### `ev_3c433a0d9296_15` - Answers subquestion `SQ16`. - Read from `src_441bf6fd7fb9f96d013c91e4` — Ideational diffusion and the great witch hunt in Central Europe | Theory and Society | Springer Nature Link - URL: `https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-024-09576-1` - Snapshot digest: `3c433a0d9296bf405cc76c17f0a9a738fc28f23b1649065662acaac34d8425d0` - Located at: `Quantitative results, endogeneity paragraph` ``` However, only five of the nine cities where the Malleus was printed had trials, and three of those did not have trials after 1489. One city has no trials recorded in the Leeson and Russ data. ``` #### `ev_3c433a0d9296_16` - Answers subquestion `SQ14`. - Read from `src_441bf6fd7fb9f96d013c91e4` — Ideational diffusion and the great witch hunt in Central Europe | Theory and Society | Springer Nature Link - URL: `https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-024-09576-1` - Snapshot digest: `3c433a0d9296bf405cc76c17f0a9a738fc28f23b1649065662acaac34d8425d0` - Located at: `Hypotheses section, closing paragraph` ``` In addition to the likelihood that several contributing factors reinforced each other, it is possible that prior studies detected spatial relationships that were in fact based on the underlying but unmeasured diffusion patterns (Betz, Cook, and Hollenbach 2021; Drolc et al., 2021). ``` #### `ev_3c433a0d9296_17` - Answers subquestion `SQ1`. - Read from `src_441bf6fd7fb9f96d013c91e4` — Ideational diffusion and the great witch hunt in Central Europe | Theory and Society | Springer Nature Link - URL: `https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-024-09576-1` - Snapshot digest: `3c433a0d9296bf405cc76c17f0a9a738fc28f23b1649065662acaac34d8425d0` - Located at: `The elaborated theory of witchcraft section` ``` From there, the "elaborated" concept went further by contending that witchcraft was a rampant public threat, because witches and wizards had made demonic pacts and organized themselves into satanic conspiracies (Behringer, 1996; Cohn 1975; Gaskill, 2010; Goodare, 2016; Levack, 2006:15–17). ``` #### `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_01` - Answers subquestion `SQ7`. - Read from `src_59bd2e3f651c2215831c60f4` — Summis desiderantes - Wikisource, the free online library - URL: `https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Summis_desiderantes` - Snapshot digest: `2f8dc261b4d378c5e3fd9911af97a782a39c797e4cfd6cff69b80ac6eecf950c` - Located at: `paragraph 1` ``` It has recently come to our ears, not without great pain to us, that in some parts of upper Germany, as well as in the provinces, cities, territories, regions, and dioceses of Mainz, Koin, Trier, Salzburg, and Bremen, many persons of both sexes, heedless of their own salvation and forsaking the catholic faith , give themselves over to devils male and female, and by their incantations, charms, and conjurings, and by other abominable superstitions and sortileges, offences, crimes, and misdeeds, ruin and cause to perish the offspring of women, the foal of animals, the products of the earth, the grapes of vines, and the fruits of trees, as well as men and women, cattle and flocks and herds and animals of every kind, vineyards also and orchards, meadows, pastures, harvests, grains and other fruits of the earth; that they afflict and torture with dire pains and anguish, both internal and external, these men, women, cattle, flocks, herds, and animals, and hinder men from begetting and women from conceiving, and prevent all consummation of marriage; that, moreover, they deny with sacrilegious lips the faith they received in holy baptism; and that, at the instigation of the enemy of mankind, they do not fear to commit and perpetrate many other abominable offences and crimes, at the risk of their own souls, to the insult of the divine majesty and to the pernicious example and scandal of multitudes. ``` #### `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_02` - Answers subquestion `SQ7`. - Read from `src_59bd2e3f651c2215831c60f4` — Summis desiderantes - Wikisource, the free online library - URL: `https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Summis_desiderantes` - Snapshot digest: `2f8dc261b4d378c5e3fd9911af97a782a39c797e4cfd6cff69b80ac6eecf950c` - Located at: `paragraph 1` ``` although our beloved sons Henricus Institoris and Jacobus Sprenger, of the order of Friars Preachers, professors of theology, have been and still are deputed by our apostolic letters as inquisitors of heretical pravity, the former in the aforesaid parts of upper Germany, including the provinces, cities, territories, dioceses, and other places as above, and the latter throughout certain parts of the course of the Rhine ``` #### `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_03` - Answers subquestion `SQ9`. - Read from `src_59bd2e3f651c2215831c60f4` — Summis desiderantes - Wikisource, the free online library - URL: `https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Summis_desiderantes` - Snapshot digest: `2f8dc261b4d378c5e3fd9911af97a782a39c797e4cfd6cff69b80ac6eecf950c` - Located at: `paragraph 1` ``` do hereby decree, by virtue of our apostolic authority, that it shall be permitted to the said inquisitors in these regions to exercise their office of inquisition and to proceed to the correction, imprisonment, and punishment of the aforesaid persons for their said offences and crimes, in all respects and altogether precisely as if the provinces, cities, territories, places, persons, and offences aforesaid were expressly named in the said letter. ``` #### `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_04` - Answers subquestion `SQ11`. - Read from `src_59bd2e3f651c2215831c60f4` — Summis desiderantes - Wikisource, the free online library - URL: `https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Summis_desiderantes` - Snapshot digest: `2f8dc261b4d378c5e3fd9911af97a782a39c797e4cfd6cff69b80ac6eecf950c` - Located at: `paragraph 1` ``` certain of the clergy and of the laity of those parts, seeking to be wise above what is fitting, because in the said letter of deputation the aforesaid provinces, cities, dioceses, territories, and other places, and the persons and offences in question were not individually and specifically named, do not blush obstinately to assert that these are not at all included in the said parts and that therefore it is illicit for the aforesaid inquisitors to exercise their office of inquisition in the provinces, cities, dioceses, territories, and other places aforesaid ``` #### `ev_falsify_0db1a8124cda_bd645783b8e9b4550c01bcf1_01` - Answers subquestion `SQ5`. - Read from `src_20bdfe28ac344c36b6e3271e` — Comment communiquer et diffuser le 'crime' de sorcellerie et le sabbat au XVe siècle ? L'exemple des Errores gazariorum et du Flagellum hereticorum fascinariorum de Nicolas Jacquier - URL: `https://exa.ai/library/publication/m1795ffbq91` - Snapshot digest: `0db1a8124cdac21166b469c6e57a98c033abfd1f00b6663539576c4f9dbbac2c` - Located at: `Abstract, paragraph 1` ``` Die Errores Gazariorum wandern von ihrem Ursprungsort, dem Aostatal, nach der Französischen Schweiz und nach Basel, und von da aus bis in die Pfalz, wo sie ins Deutsche übersetzt werden. ``` ### Passages nothing has scored These passed the verbatim gate, and nothing has compared them to the live explanations. No finding in this document rests on one. *This run holds no unscored passages.* ## 8. Competing Explanations The roster in its own order, with the five bearing counts each explanation collected. The counts are unweighted by evidence tier on purpose: no weight vector has been argued anywhere in this system, and an invented one would let a genre label quietly outvote the passages themselves. No condition below carries a probability either — a narrated number moves the argument onto the number and away from the condition nobody can support. | Explanation | ++ | + | 0 | - | -- | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | 16 | 70 | 8 | 0 | | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 2 | 30 | 59 | 3 | 0 | | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | 11 | 49 | 30 | 4 | | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 2 | 54 | 28 | 10 | 0 | | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | 26 | 59 | 9 | 0 | | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 1 | 13 | 69 | 11 | 0 | ### `H1_alpine_origin` — The cumulative witch concept (pact, sabbath, night flight, sect) crystallized as a discrete fusion event in the Western Alps during the 1420s-1430s, where inquisitorial heresy-prosecution procedure (Vauderie) was grafted onto local maleficium/folk-magic traditions, as attested in the Errores Gazariorum and Nider's Formicarius. - Falsified by: Documented trial records or theological texts predating the 1420s (e.g., earlier 14th-century heresy trials, or non-Alpine sources) that already combine pact, sabbath, and sect-membership elements in substantially the same configuration, showing the Alpine trials merely repeated an existing synthesis rather than creating one. - Disconfirming evidence would be observable at: Critical editions and manuscript surveys of 14th-15th century heresy-trial records (Waldensian/Vauderie dossiers) and demonological treatises held in European archives (e.g., Lausanne, Fribourg, Dauphiné judicial archives) - Required conditions — **all of these must hold**, and the weakest is where the argument actually breaks: 1. Errores Gazariorum and Formicarius demonstrably combine all four elements (pact, sabbath, flight, sect) rather than a subset 2. No earlier text outside the Alpine region shows the same full combination 3. The Alpine trials can be shown to influence later theorists (Kramer, Institoris) rather than merely coinciding with them - Passages declaring a bearing on it: 94. ### `H2_diffuse_formation` — The cumulative concept was not founded at a single locus but assembled gradually and unevenly across the 14th-15th centuries through overlapping heresy-inquisition discourse (Waldensian/Vauderie prosecutions), classical/folkloric antecedents (Diana/Herodias traditions reinterpreted from Canon Episcopi), and regional maleficium law, with the Alpine trials being one visible node among several parallel developments. - Falsified by: Evidence that the specific combination of elements first appears cleanly and completely in the Alpine trials with no comparable partial antecedents elsewhere, and that subsequent diffusion traces a single traceable lineage back to that node rather than multiple independent convergences. - Disconfirming evidence would be observable at: Comparative manuscript studies of inquisitorial registers across France, the Rhineland, and Italy from historians (e.g., Bailey, Utz Tremp, Ostorero) tracing textual filiation - Required conditions — **all of these must hold**, and the weakest is where the argument actually breaks: 1. Multiple independent 14th-15th century regions (not only the Alps) show partial versions of the concept developing in parallel 2. No single textual lineage can be shown connecting all later demonological writers exclusively back to the Alpine sources 3. Classical/folkloric antecedents demonstrably predate and causally feed into the Alpine synthesis rather than being retrospectively read back into it - Passages declaring a bearing on it: 94. ### `H3_print_causal` — Print production of the Malleus Maleficarum and related demonological pamphlets was a necessary or substantially contributing causal factor in initiating or intensifying the witch hunts of 1450-1750, not merely a vehicle for spreading a pre-existing idea. - Falsified by: Documented cases of significant, intensifying prosecution waves in regions/periods with negligible Malleus or demonological print circulation, combined with a long (70+ year) gap between the 1486 publication and the 1560s prosecution peak that cannot be bridged by any mechanism of print-driven escalation, and a lack of trial records citing or relying on the Malleus in the highest-prosecution jurisdictions. - Disconfirming evidence would be observable at: Trial-record archives and court session protocols from German-speaking territories, France, and Scotland; bibliographic census of Malleus editions (e.g., VD16, ISTC) cross-referenced with regional prosecution statistics - Required conditions — **all of these must hold**, and the weakest is where the argument actually breaks: 1. A measurable correlation between density of Malleus/demonological editions and prosecution intensity by region 2. Judicial sources showing courts actually used or were influenced by the printed texts (citation, possession, procedural reliance) 3. The timing of print output precedes or at least co-varies tightly with prosecution upticks rather than lagging far behind them - Passages declaring a bearing on it: 94. ### `H4_print_disseminative_only` — Print (including the Malleus) functioned only to disseminate and standardize a cumulative concept that was already articulated and operative through oral, legal, and ecclesiastical channels well before 1486; prosecution intensity and timing were driven primarily by other factors (local judicial procedure, religious conflict, communal social dynamics, state formation) rather than by print availability. - Falsified by: Clear evidence that regions or periods with high Malleus/pamphlet penetration show substantially and specifically elevated prosecution rates attributable to the print itself (e.g., courts explicitly adopting Malleus procedures they lacked before, or prosecution waves beginning only after a specific edition's regional arrival with no plausible alternative trigger), especially if such correlation holds even after controlling for religious conflict and judicial structure. - Disconfirming evidence would be observable at: Regional social and legal histories of witch-hunt epicenters (e.g., Trier, Würzburg, Scottish privy council records) assessing drivers of prosecution independent of print - Required conditions — **all of these must hold**, and the weakest is where the argument actually breaks: 1. The cumulative concept can be shown fully operative in trial practice (not just theological texts) before 1486 2. Prosecution peaks (1560-1630) can be explained by factors independent of print density (e.g., Reformation/Counter-Reformation conflict, secular court centralization) 3. Regions with low print penetration but high prosecution exist and are not explained away by oral transmission of print-derived content - Passages declaring a bearing on it: 94. ### `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` — The 'cumulative witch concept' as a single, sharply bounded, uniformly fused doctrine (pact+sabbath+flight+sect always co-present) is a historiographical overgeneralization; actual trial and theological evidence shows persistent regional and temporal heterogeneity, with many prosecutions proceeding on maleficium alone or on partial combinations, undermining the premise of one coherent concept with one origin and one print-driven spread. - Falsified by: Demonstration that a substantial majority of trials coded as 'cumulative concept' cases across multiple regions and the full 1450-1750 period consistently include all four defining elements together (not just maleficium or isolated elements), and that demonological texts including the Malleus present them as an integrated doctrine rather than a loose menu of accusations. - Disconfirming evidence would be observable at: Quantitative trial-record surveys and historiographical meta-analyses (e.g., Levack's comparative tabulations, regional court record digitizations) coding presence/absence of each element per case - Required conditions — **all of these must hold**, and the weakest is where the argument actually breaks: 1. A representative sample of trial records across regions and periods shows inconsistent or partial presence of pact/sabbath/flight/sect elements 2. Historians' use of 'cumulative concept' can be shown to conflate elite demonological theory with actual courtroom practice 3. Regional prosecutions attributed to 'the concept' can be shown to rely predominantly on maleficium charges with sabbath/pact elements rare or absent - Passages declaring a bearing on it: 94. ### `H6_print_regional_accelerant` — Print functioned as a regionally contingent accelerant rather than a uniform cause or mere disseminator: in print-dense German-speaking territories it measurably intensified and standardized local prosecutions already underway, while in regions with low print penetration (Mediterranean, parts of Eastern Europe) the concept spread and prosecutions occurred via non-print institutional channels with markedly different character and lower intensity. - Falsified by: Evidence that prosecution intensity in German-speaking territories does not track regional density or timing of Malleus/pamphlet editions at all (e.g., high-print areas with low prosecution, or low-print areas with equally high and equally 'standardized' cumulative-concept prosecutions), indicating no regional accelerant effect distinguishable from H3 or H4. - Disconfirming evidence would be observable at: Regional comparative studies correlating VD16/ISTC edition distribution maps with county-level or territorial prosecution statistics in the Holy Roman Empire - Required conditions — **all of these must hold**, and the weakest is where the argument actually breaks: 1. A measurable within-HRE correlation between local print density/timing and prosecution intensity or standardization of charges 2. A demonstrable contrast in prosecution character (e.g., presence of full cumulative elements vs partial) between high-print and low-print regions 3. The accelerant effect must be shown distinct from general religious-conflict or judicial-structure explanations operating independently of print - Passages declaring a bearing on it: 94. ### Explanations a count cannot settle An explanation whose disconfirming evidence has nowhere it could be seen can never lose, and therefore can never win: every empty search is absorbed as further concealment. Its counts are printed above because the evidence really was weighed against it and hiding the column would conceal that — but a count **cannot settle** an explanation nothing could disconfirm, and the shape of the claim is the finding here, not the number. *This run holds no self-sealing explanations.* ## 9. Contradictory Evidence ### Adversarial searches #### `01c20438f9335c40907d126c` against `H1_alpine_origin` - Searched: 14th century inquisition trials Toulouse Carcassonne pact sabbath nocturnal gathering pre-1420 - Looked for: Documented trial records or inquisitorial manuals from 14th-century southern France or elsewhere predating 1420 that already combine demonic pact, collective nocturnal assembly, and sect apostasy in a unified witch concept. - Result: returned nothing; that is a result, not a blank. The search ran and came back empty. #### `bd645783b8e9b4550c01bcf1` against `H2_diffuse_formation` - Searched: Alpine origin cumulative witch concept mono-genetic diffusion Savoy Valais Nider Errores Gazariorum - Looked for: Historiographical studies demonstrating that the cumulative concept emerged exclusively and complete in the Western Alps during the 1420s-1430s with direct linear diffusion into later manuals, ruling out independent polycentric convergence. - Result: returned `src_20bdfe28ac344c36b6e3271e`. #### `09226ca03a61d7f00442533f` against `H3_print_causal` - Searched: secular court witch trial records Germany citations Malleus Maleficarum 1560 1630 Carolina Code - Looked for: Court records from German high-prosecution territories (1560-1630) showing secular judges and magistrates did not cite or rely on the Malleus Maleficarum or demonological print manuals, relying instead strictly on the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina or local statutes. - Result: returned nothing; that is a result, not a blank. The search ran and came back empty. #### `f7c9db79bf11358fa3b055d1` against `H3_print_causal` - Searched: intense witch trial waves without Malleus print circulation Scotland Scandinavia Eastern Europe - Looked for: Evidence of sustained, severe witch-hunting panics in regions with negligible vernacular circulation or local print editions of the Malleus Maleficarum, disproving print as a necessary causal factor. - Result: returned nothing; that is a result, not a blank. The search ran and came back empty. #### `388aa1df25323943bfbe2313` against `H4_print_disseminative_only` - Searched: econometric causal effect Malleus Maleficarum printing timing trial adoption German cities - Looked for: Quantitative and econometric evidence demonstrating that the local arrival or regional printing of the Malleus caused a direct, statistically robust spike in trial initiations after controlling for confessional boundaries, famine, and legal autonomy. - Result: returned nothing; that is a result, not a blank. The search ran and came back empty. #### `d64dc65b79acdbef5104decf` against `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` - Searched: witchcraft trials percentage pact sabbath flight maleficium England Continental Europe trial sample - Looked for: Empirical analyses of court records showing that a substantial majority of prosecuted and executed witches across Europe were formally tried and convicted on the integrated cumulative doctrine (pact, flight, sabbath, sect) rather than isolated maleficium. - Result: returned nothing; that is a result, not a blank. The search ran and came back empty. #### `8841bfed5f3ba7d6385e0556` against `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` - Searched: theological consensus demonology integrated doctrine indivisible sabbath pact flight 16th century - Looked for: Systematic theological and legal proof showing early modern demonologists treated pact, flight, and sabbatarian conspiracy as an indivisible, uniformly required doctrinal package rather than discretionary, modular components. - Result: returned nothing; that is a result, not a blank. The search ran and came back empty. #### `ee3a6fbda0815e18ac36ecb4` against `H6_print_regional_accelerant` - Searched: Holy Roman Empire high print density low witch trials Nuremberg Basel Frankfurt Augsburg - Looked for: Evidence of major print-publishing centers in the Holy Roman Empire with high production of demonological texts that maintained low or zero trial rates, or low-print peripheral jurisdictions showing identical escalation patterns. - Result: returned nothing; that is a result, not a blank. The search ran and came back empty. ### Passages bearing against an explanation | Passage | Explanation | Bearing | Why | |---|---|---|---| | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_04` | `H1_alpine_origin` | - | Shows sect/conspiracy motifs already circulating in heresy trials generally, undercutting a discrete Alpine origin. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_05` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | - | Treats pact and sabbath as a settled, integrated doctrinal requirement for witch status, implying coherence rather than heterogeneity. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_06` | `H1_alpine_origin` | - | Shows the demonic pact element was already doctrinally established in Paris decades before the 1420s-30s Alpine trials, undercutting a clean Alpine crystallization. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_07` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | Describing it as a functional guide used for centuries implies more than passive spreading of a pre-existing idea, weakening the disseminative-only view. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_08` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | Its use as a working court handbook implies more than passive dissemination, weakening the claim that print only spread an existing idea inertly. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_09` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Spanish Inquisition's rejection of the Malleus's credibility suggests the text did not substantially drive prosecutorial practice there, weakening a strong causal print claim. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_10` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Shows a major institution explicitly warning against uncritical reliance on the Malleus, undercutting the idea that its publication drove prosecution outcomes. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_11` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | Claims print 'fueled' fears rather than merely spreading an existing idea, weakening the disseminative-only view. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_12` | `H3_print_causal` | -- | Prosecution increase predates 1486 by over a century and the peak lags publication by 70+ years, undercutting print as a necessary or sufficient cause. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_13` | `H3_print_causal` | - | A peak starting 75 years after the 1486 Malleus and persisting over a century undercuts a tight print-driven causal trigger. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_14` | `H3_print_causal` | - | A 1532 state legal code, not print circulation, institutionalized witchcraft penalties in the Empire, undercutting print as the necessary causal driver. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_14` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | Points to a legal/institutional explanation for German-speaking intensity that is independent of print density, weakening the case for print as the distinguishing regional accelerant. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_16` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Shows print also circulated skepticism, undercutting the idea that print production uniformly drove escalation of prosecutions. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_17` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Decline driven by royal edicts and parliamentary statute, not by any change in print circulation, weakening print as the operative causal factor. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_17` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | Decline in France and Britain is attributed to legal edicts/statutes with no mention of print density, undercutting a regionally print-driven mechanism. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_01` | `H1_alpine_origin` | - | Shows the night-flight/Diana motif already existed as canon law doctrine centuries before the 1420s Alpine trials, undercutting a clean Alpine origination event. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_04` | `H1_alpine_origin` | - | Shows inquisitorial fusion of heresy-procedure with magic accusations already operative in 1258, predating the 1420s Alpine 'crystallization' claimed by H1. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_06` | `H3_print_causal` | -- | These mass executions occurred decades before the 1486 Malleus, showing prosecution intensity independent of any print causation. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_07` | `H1_alpine_origin` | - | A secular judge at Berne running wholesale prosecutions c.1400 predates the 1420s-30s crystallization window and suggests prior Alpine activity not tied to heresy-inquisition procedure. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_08` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Explicitly states the Bull 'enacted nothing new,' undermining the claim that the papal/print apparatus of 1484-86 was a causal innovation driving hunts. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_10` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | - | Shows the Malleus treats witchcraft's reality, nature, and procedure as one integrated treatise, mildly undercutting the claim of a loose, incoherent doctrine. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_11` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Explicitly states the Malleus contained nothing new, undermining the claim that print was a necessary or substantively contributing cause of the concept's content. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_12` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | The deliberate fraudulent endorsement and sensational framing suggest active shaping rather than neutral transmission of existing ideas. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_13` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Shows contemporaneous print output contested the Malleus's extreme claims, undercutting a single print text as the decisive causal driver of the doctrine. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_14` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Institoris's campaign and its rejection occurred in 1485, before the 1486 Malleus was even published, showing judicial dynamics independent of the printed text. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_14` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | Resistance occurred within the German-speaking core region prior to print circulation, undermining the claim that print-density regions uniformly accelerated prosecutions. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_15` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Shows the Bull/Malleus's target institution (papal inquisitors) declined just as trials intensified, weakening print's causal link to prosecution. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_15` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | Suggests the institutional channel the Malleus targeted (inquisitors) waned, complicating any clean print-driven acceleration story even in Germany. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_16` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Downplaying the Bull's immediate effects undercuts claims that papal/print-backed authorization quickly triggered prosecution intensification. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_16` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | If the Bull's immediate effects were minimal, this weakens claims of print/papal authorization as a swift regional accelerant. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_17` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Greater Protestant than Catholic hunting undercuts a Malleus-print-driven account since the Malleus was a Catholic-authored, Catholic-endorsed text yet Catholic areas lagged. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_17` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | If Protestant regions out-prosecuted Catholic ones despite the Malleus being Catholic print, intensity does not simply track Malleus/demonological print density as the accelerant model implies. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_19` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | - | Wildly discrepant execution estimates (3000 vs 30000) suggest historiographical imprecision that could extend to over-tidy claims about the cumulative concept's uniformity, mildly supporting heterogeneity concerns. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_20` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | Scotland was a low-print-density region yet produced substantial executions (3400), weakly undercutting a tight print-intensity correlation outside Germany. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_21` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Shows print could also carry anti-persecution arguments yet hunts continued and even peaked after 1563, weakening a simple print-causes-prosecution claim. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_22` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Shows print served as a venue for debate and royal suppression (burning of Scot) rather than driving prosecution intensity, weakening a causal reading. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_23` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Decline is tied to legal abolition of torture across decades, not to any waning of print production, weakening a print-driven causal account. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_24` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Persistence of trials into the 1740s-1780s, long after peak print output waned, undercuts print as the driving causal engine of hunts. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_26` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | - | Shows pact, sabbath, devil-worship, and cannibalistic infanticide co-present in one confession, cutting against the claim that cumulative elements rarely appear together. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_27` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Highlights Malleus's distinctive misogynist framing but is only one text's rhetorical stance, not evidence of causal effect on prosecution onset or intensity. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_02` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | - | Describes flight and sabbath as mutually reinforcing conceptual elements, implying an integrated doctrine rather than loose heterogeneous accusations. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_04` | `H1_alpine_origin` | - | Shows the Diana/night-flight motif existed centuries before the 1420s Alpine trials, weakening the claim of a wholly novel Alpine fusion. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_05` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Early skepticism toward flying witches among writers suggests the idea was debated rather than uniformly propagated by print, weakening a strong causal print role. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_07` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Shows the female/non-elite accusation pattern and flight imagery predates Malleus print circulation, weakening print as causal origin. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_11` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | - | Depicts flight and sabbath attendance as integrated in a single narrative, weakening the claim that elements were loosely combined or absent. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_01` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | - | The account bundles pact, sect tribute, and anti-sacramental practice together, suggesting an early integrated cluster rather than mere maleficium alone. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_02` | `H1_alpine_origin` | - | Attestation of flight and sabbath elements outside a clean Alpine-only configuration suggests precedents existed before the 1420s crystallization. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_03` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Pre-print inquisitorial infrastructure already existed decades before 1486, weakening claims print was necessary to initiate prosecutions. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_04` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | - | A conspiracy of '700' witches with organized sect membership implies an already coherent, non-maleficium-only concept rather than fragmented, heterogeneous accusations. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_05` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | - | Framing Valais as 'the first' systematic campaign undercuts a picture of multiple parallel independent nodes. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_06` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | - | Framing Valais as the singular 'first event' of systematic persecution cuts against a diffuse, multi-nodal formation narrative. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_06` | `H3_print_causal` | -- | Systematic mass persecution occurred decades before any print existed, undermining print as causal. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_08` | `H1_alpine_origin` | - | Valais' male-majority victim profile diverges from the canonical later female-dominated pattern, suggesting the Alpine trials were not yet the fully formed cumulative concept. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_03` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Wide geographic and chronological spread of only 28 editions across nine cities over two centuries is modest for a claim that print was a necessary driver of mass prosecutions. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_05` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | Authorities 'using it to justify and conduct trials' goes beyond mere dissemination, undercutting the purely disseminative reading. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_06` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Admitting persecution predates the Malleus undercuts a necessary-cause reading, though acceleration suggests some contributing role; establishes temporality. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_06` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | Acceleration in uptake rate after manuals appeared implies print did more than passively spread an existing idea, weakening pure dissemination claim; shows temporality and dose-response via rate change. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_07` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | The claimed lag-dependent trial correlation suggests print actively shaped prosecution timing, weakening a purely disseminative role. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_08` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | If more editions predict first trials occurring, print appears to do more than passively disseminate an already-operative concept. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_09` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | A strong dose-response link between city network centrality and trial initiation suggests more than passive dissemination, weakening the 'print as mere conduit' claim. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_10` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Low prosecution in Hanseatic cities correlates with distance from Malleus publication but equally with distance from confessional conflict, confounding a pure print-causal reading. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_11` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Spatial-temporal proximity to other trials, not print circulation, is shown as the driver of new prosecutions, undercutting print as necessary cause. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_11` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | The finding attributes spread to generic spatial-temporal social reinforcement rather than to print density specifically, weakening a distinct print-accelerant effect. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_12` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Positing latent demand as a confound suggests prosecution drivers predate and are independent of print supply, weakening a strict print-causal claim. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_13` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Kramer's successful prosecution and execution predate the Malleus's 1486 publication, showing the cumulative-concept apparatus and executions could occur without print. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_13` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | Shows prosecution and execution occurring in German-speaking territory before any print existed, undermining print as the accelerant even regionally. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_14` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | Describes active expert application of demonological theory in prosecutions, suggesting more than passive dissemination of a pre-existing idea. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_15` | `H3_print_causal` | -- | Shows most Malleus-printing cities had no or only brief trial activity, undermining print as a causal driver of prosecutions. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_15` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | If print cities mostly lacked sustained trials, this weakens the claim that print accelerated prosecutions even in print-dense areas. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_16` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Warns that prior apparent spatial correlations (possibly including print-prosecution links) may reflect unmeasured diffusion rather than print's causal effect. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_16` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | Undercuts confidence that regional print-density correlations with prosecution are genuinely causal rather than artifacts of unmeasured diffusion. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_17` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | - | Treats pact and conspiracy as a coherent 'elaborated' concept agreed upon across multiple scholars, mildly undercutting the overgeneralization claim. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_01` | `H3_print_causal` | - | The bull predates the Malleus's print run by two years and already articulates the demonic-harm framework, showing the concept existed independent of print. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_04` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Depicts papal/ecclesiastical legal authority, not print, as the mechanism driving and contesting prosecution jurisdiction. | | `ev_falsify_0db1a8124cda_bd645783b8e9b4550c01bcf1_01` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | - | Shows a single traceable lineage radiating from one Alpine node rather than multiple independent parallel developments, which is the stated falsifier for diffuse formation. | ### Pre-registered probes *This run does not record any pre-registered probe.* A probe states, before a search runs, what should be findable and where. Only a search like that turns an empty result into evidence of absence; without one, nothing distinguishes a thing that is not there from a place nobody looked. No probe was pre-registered in this run, so no absence reported anywhere in this document counts as evidence of absence. ## 10. Analysis This section is a matrix and a causal ledger, **not a narrative**. Nothing in this run's state performs prose analysis, and this renderer does not invent one; what follows is what was recorded, read across rows and down columns. ### Bearing matrix | Passage | `H1_alpine_origin` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | `H3_print_causal` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_01` | 0 | + | 0 | + | + | 0 | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_02` | 0 | + | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_03` | 0 | + | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_04` | - | ++ | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_05` | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_06` | - | + | 0 | + | + | 0 | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_07` | 0 | 0 | + | - | 0 | 0 | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_08` | 0 | 0 | + | - | 0 | + | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_09` | 0 | 0 | - | + | 0 | + | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_10` | 0 | 0 | - | + | + | + | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_11` | 0 | 0 | + | - | 0 | 0 | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_12` | + | + | -- | ++ | 0 | 0 | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_13` | 0 | 0 | - | + | 0 | + | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_14` | 0 | + | - | + | 0 | - | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_15` | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_16` | 0 | 0 | - | + | + | 0 | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_17` | 0 | 0 | - | + | 0 | - | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_18` | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_19` | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_20` | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_21` | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_23` | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_01` | - | + | 0 | + | + | 0 | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_02` | 0 | + | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_04` | - | + | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_05` | + | + | 0 | + | + | 0 | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_06` | + | 0 | -- | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_07` | - | + | 0 | + | + | 0 | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_08` | 0 | + | - | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_09` | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_10` | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_11` | + | + | - | ++ | 0 | 0 | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_12` | 0 | 0 | + | - | 0 | 0 | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_13` | 0 | 0 | - | + | + | 0 | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_14` | 0 | + | - | + | + | - | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_15` | 0 | 0 | - | + | 0 | - | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_16` | 0 | 0 | - | + | 0 | - | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_17` | 0 | 0 | - | + | 0 | - | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_18` | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_19` | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_20` | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_21` | 0 | 0 | - | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_22` | 0 | 0 | - | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_23` | 0 | 0 | - | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_24` | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_26` | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_27` | 0 | 0 | - | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_01` | + | + | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_02` | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_03` | 0 | + | 0 | + | + | 0 | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_04` | - | ++ | 0 | + | + | 0 | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_05` | 0 | + | - | + | + | 0 | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_06` | 0 | + | 0 | + | + | 0 | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_07` | 0 | 0 | - | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_08` | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_09` | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_10` | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_11` | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_12` | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_13` | 0 | + | 0 | + | + | 0 | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_14` | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | + | 0 | | `ev_cd8d10389080_01` | + | 0 | 0 | + | - | 0 | | `ev_cd8d10389080_02` | - | + | 0 | + | + | 0 | | `ev_cd8d10389080_03` | + | + | - | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_cd8d10389080_04` | + | 0 | 0 | + | - | 0 | | `ev_cd8d10389080_05` | + | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | `ev_cd8d10389080_06` | + | - | -- | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_cd8d10389080_07` | + | + | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_cd8d10389080_08` | - | + | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | | `ev_cd8d10389080_09` | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | | `ev_cd8d10389080_10` | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | | `ev_cd8d10389080_11` | + | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_01` | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_02` | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | + | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_03` | 0 | 0 | - | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_04` | 0 | 0 | + | + | 0 | + | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_05` | 0 | 0 | + | - | 0 | + | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_06` | 0 | + | - | - | 0 | ++ | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_07` | 0 | 0 | + | - | 0 | + | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_08` | 0 | 0 | + | - | 0 | + | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_09` | 0 | 0 | + | - | 0 | + | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_10` | 0 | 0 | - | + | 0 | + | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_11` | 0 | + | - | + | 0 | - | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_12` | 0 | 0 | - | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_13` | 0 | + | - | + | 0 | - | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_14` | 0 | 0 | + | - | 0 | + | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_15` | 0 | 0 | -- | + | 0 | - | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_16` | 0 | 0 | - | + | 0 | - | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_17` | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_01` | 0 | + | - | + | + | 0 | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_02` | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_03` | 0 | 0 | + | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_04` | 0 | + | - | + | 0 | 0 | | `ev_falsify_0db1a8124cda_bd645783b8e9b4550c01bcf1_01` | + | - | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | ### Why each cell reads as it does | Passage | Explanation | Bearing | Why | |---|---|---|---| | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_01` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Describes earlier canon-law treatment of night-flight belief but says nothing about the Alpine fusion event itself. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_01` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Shows the Diana/Herodias night-flight motif existed as an independent folkloric-canonical strand centuries before the Alpine trials, supporting a diffuse multi-source formation. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_01` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Predates print by centuries and makes no claim about printing's causal role. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_01` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Establishes that the night-flight element of the cumulative concept was already in circulation via canon law long before 1486, consistent with print merely disseminating a pre-existing idea. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_01` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Treats night-flight as an isolated belief element (without pact, sabbath, or sect membership), illustrating that components of the 'cumulative concept' originally existed separately and unevenly. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_01` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Irrelevant to print penetration or regional prosecution intensity, dating from well before print existed. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_02` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Describes the pre-existing canon law baseline but does not address the Alpine fusion event itself. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_02` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Shows a long prior doctrinal strand (denial of witches) that later had to be reversed, consistent with gradual, multi-stranded formation. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_02` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Concerns pre-print canon law doctrine, irrelevant to print's causal role in 1450-1750 prosecutions. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_02` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Confirms the doctrinal baseline existed centuries before 1486, supporting that print only spread/reversed an already-existing discourse. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_02` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Does not address heterogeneity of trial elements, only the earlier denial doctrine. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_02` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No bearing on regional print density or prosecution intensity. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_03` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Describes the heresy-to-witchcraft projection mechanism generally without pinpointing Alpine 1420s-30s as the locus of fusion. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_03` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Shows heresy-accusation tropes being transferred onto witchcraft discourse broadly, consistent with a diffuse, multi-source assembly process. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_03` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Concerns conceptual borrowing from heresy discourse, not print's causal role in prosecution waves. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_03` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Implies the conspiratorial/sect mythology predated print, supporting that print only disseminated an already-formed concept. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_03` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Discusses the origin of the mythology's elements but does not address heterogeneity of trial outcomes or doctrinal uniformity. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_03` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Does not address regional print density or differential prosecution intensity. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_04` | `H1_alpine_origin` | - | Shows sect/conspiracy motifs already circulating in heresy trials generally, undercutting a discrete Alpine origin. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_04` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | ++ | Directly supports a gradual assembly of cumulative-concept elements out of broader heresy-trial discourse rather than one locus. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_04` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Concerns pre-print heresy trial discourse, not print's causal role. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_04` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Confirms the concept's core elements predate 1486 print, consistent with print merely disseminating a pre-existing idea. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_04` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Speaks to origins of elements, not to whether later trials show full co-presence of all four elements. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_04` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Does not address regional print density or prosecution intensity. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_05` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Generic description of pact and sabbath without attesting their specific origin in 1420s-30s Alpine sources. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_05` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | States the pact concept's importance generally but does not trace its diffuse multi-source assembly. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_05` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Concerns theological definition of pact/sabbath, not print's causal role in prosecutions. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_05` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Does not address print's role in spreading an already-formed concept. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_05` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | - | Treats pact and sabbath as a settled, integrated doctrinal requirement for witch status, implying coherence rather than heterogeneity. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_05` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No mention of print or regional variation in prosecution intensity. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_06` | `H1_alpine_origin` | - | Shows the demonic pact element was already doctrinally established in Paris decades before the 1420s-30s Alpine trials, undercutting a clean Alpine crystallization. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_06` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Demonstrates pact doctrine developing independently in university/theological circles well before the Alpine trials, consistent with a diffuse multi-source formation. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_06` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Concerns 1398 scholastic doctrine, pre-dating print entirely, and does not bear on print's causal role in later prosecutions. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_06` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Confirms the pact concept was already fully articulated and institutionally operative (via university ruling) nearly a century before the Malleus, supporting pre-existing doctrine merely later disseminated. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_06` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Shows the pact element existed and evolved separately from sabbath/flight/sect elements, supporting a picture of loosely assembled rather than uniformly fused doctrine. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_06` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Pre-print theological ruling has no bearing on regional print-intensity effects in German territories versus elsewhere. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_07` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Passage concerns the 1486 Malleus publication, not the 1420s-30s Alpine origin of the concept. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_07` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not address earlier antecedents or parallel formation nodes of the concept. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_07` | `H3_print_causal` | + | Notes the Malleus's long cross-confessional use as a practical manual, suggesting print had operative influence beyond mere dissemination. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_07` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | Describing it as a functional guide used for centuries implies more than passive spreading of a pre-existing idea, weakening the disseminative-only view. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_07` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No regional or German-specific data given to support an accelerant-in-specific-regions claim. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_07` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Passage summarizes general content of the Malleus without addressing heterogeneity of actual trial elements. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_08` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Concerns publication/distribution of the Malleus, not the origin of the cumulative concept in the Alps. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_08` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not address the multi-source formation of the concept before 1486. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_08` | `H3_print_causal` | + | Widespread secular-court adoption as a 'handbook' suggests print had direct procedural influence beyond mere circulation, supporting a causal role. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_08` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | Its use as a working court handbook implies more than passive dissemination, weakening the claim that print only spread an existing idea inertly. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_08` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Says nothing about whether trials uniformly combined all four cumulative elements. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_08` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | + | Differential uptake—embraced by secular courts but shunned by the Inquisition—supports the idea of regionally/institutionally contingent print influence rather than uniform causation. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_09` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Concerns later judicial reception of the Malleus, not the Alpine origin of the concept. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_09` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not bear on how the cumulative concept was assembled prior to the Malleus. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_09` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Spanish Inquisition's rejection of the Malleus's credibility suggests the text did not substantially drive prosecutorial practice there, weakening a strong causal print claim. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_09` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Shows judicial authorities could independently evaluate and reject the text, consistent with print being a disseminated resource rather than a procedural driver. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_09` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Does not address whether trials combined all four elements of the cumulative concept. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_09` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | + | Illustrates regional divergence in Malleus reception, consistent with print having variable, region-specific institutional impact rather than uniform effect. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_10` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Concerns 16th-century Spanish institutional caution about print reliability, not the origin of the concept in the 1420s-30s. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_10` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not bear on the diffuse-formation question about pre-1420s antecedents. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_10` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Shows a major institution explicitly warning against uncritical reliance on the Malleus, undercutting the idea that its publication drove prosecution outcomes. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_10` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Illustrates courts treating the printed text as a resource to be judged and filtered rather than a binding procedural authority, consistent with print as disseminator only. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_10` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Institutional skepticism toward the Malleus's claims suggests heterogeneous, non-uniform judicial uptake of its doctrine rather than one fixed cumulative concept applied mechanically. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_10` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | + | Spain's documented institutional distancing from the Malleus fits the pattern of a low-print-reliance region with correspondingly different, less print-standardized prosecution practice. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_11` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Passage addresses print's later role, not the 1420s-30s Alpine origin of the concept. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_11` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not bear on whether the concept formed diffusely or at one node; concerns print dissemination. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_11` | `H3_print_causal` | + | Asserts print directly fueled witch fears, supporting a causal rather than merely disseminative role, though vague and uncontrolled. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_11` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | Claims print 'fueled' fears rather than merely spreading an existing idea, weakening the disseminative-only view. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_11` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Says nothing about heterogeneity or coherence of the cumulative concept itself. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_11` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Generic claim about literacy and books, with no regional specificity to distinguish an accelerant effect. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_12` | `H1_alpine_origin` | + | Early rise of witch hunts in Switzerland/southern France during 14th-15th centuries supports an Alpine-region locus for the concept's emergence. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_12` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Trials already rising in the 14th century, before the 1420s Alpine node, fits a gradual multi-region assembly rather than a single discrete crystallization. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_12` | `H3_print_causal` | -- | Prosecution increase predates 1486 by over a century and the peak lags publication by 70+ years, undercutting print as a necessary or sufficient cause. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_12` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | ++ | Rising trials well before the Malleus and a long gap to the peak support print merely spreading an already-operative phenomenon. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_12` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Passage gives aggregate trial counts and timing but says nothing about whether cases combined all four cumulative elements. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_12` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No regional print-density data is given to test a differential accelerant effect across German versus Mediterranean/Eastern territories. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_13` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Peak prosecution timing in southwest Germany says nothing about the 1420s-30s Alpine origin of the concept. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_13` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | This dating of the German peak does not bear on the gradual multi-node formation question. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_13` | `H3_print_causal` | - | A peak starting 75 years after the 1486 Malleus and persisting over a century undercuts a tight print-driven causal trigger. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_13` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Long delay between print publication and the 1561-1670 peak is consistent with other drivers (religious conflict, judicial structure) rather than print causing the wave. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_13` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Does not address whether trials in this period combined all four elements or proceeded on maleficium alone. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_13` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | + | Establishes the timing window for intense prosecution in a print-dense German-speaking region, a needed data point for correlating with edition density. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_14` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | The 1532 imperial law code says nothing about the Alpine origin or formation process of the concept. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_14` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Shows the concept was codified into secular imperial law independent of demonological print, consistent with diffuse institutional channels of formation. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_14` | `H3_print_causal` | - | A 1532 state legal code, not print circulation, institutionalized witchcraft penalties in the Empire, undercutting print as the necessary causal driver. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_14` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Demonstrates a non-print legal mechanism (state criminal code) operative in the Empire well before peak prosecutions, supporting other factors over print as prime driver. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_14` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Mentions penalties for witchcraft generally but does not address whether pact/sabbath/flight/sect elements were uniformly combined. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_14` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | Points to a legal/institutional explanation for German-speaking intensity that is independent of print density, weakening the case for print as the distinguishing regional accelerant. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_15` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Mentions later skeptics, not the Alpine origin period or its sources. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_15` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not address the formation process of the concept. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_15` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Names skeptical authors but gives no evidence on print's causal role in prosecutions. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_15` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Mere listing of skeptics does not show whether print drove or merely spread the concept. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_15` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Passage says nothing about heterogeneity of trial elements or the concept's coherence. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_15` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No regional or print-density data provided to assess accelerant effects. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_16` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Quote about English witch terminology has no bearing on Alpine origin of the cumulative concept. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_16` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not speak to the diffuse-formation thesis of the concept's genesis. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_16` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Shows print also circulated skepticism, undercutting the idea that print production uniformly drove escalation of prosecutions. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_16` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Illustrates print (Scot's book) disseminating a competing view already current in vernacular usage rather than generating prosecutions. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_16` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | The blurred equivalence of 'witch' and 'wise woman' in common speech suggests conceptual looseness rather than a sharply bounded cumulative doctrine. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_16` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Passage concerns English skeptical usage, not German-speaking print density or regional prosecution intensity. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_17` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Concerns 17th-18th century legal decline, irrelevant to the 1420s-30s origin question. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_17` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not address the formation or diffusion of the concept, only its later legal suppression. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_17` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Decline driven by royal edicts and parliamentary statute, not by any change in print circulation, weakening print as the operative causal factor. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_17` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Shows legal/state action (edicts, Witchcraft Act) as the decisive driver of prosecution decline, consistent with print being only ancillary to institutional forces. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_17` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Does not speak to heterogeneity of the cumulative concept's elements in trials. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_17` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | Decline in France and Britain is attributed to legal edicts/statutes with no mention of print density, undercutting a regionally print-driven mechanism. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_18` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | The gendered definition of a witch says nothing about the geographic or procedural origin of the cumulative concept. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_18` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Gender characterization of witches does not speak to whether the concept formed diffusely or at a single node. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_18` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | A simple definitional statement about gender and evil does not bear on whether print caused or merely spread prosecutions. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_18` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | The passage gives no evidence about pre-1486 articulation of gendered witch beliefs versus print's role in standardizing them. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_18` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Noting the Malleus calls witches evil and typically female does not address whether pact, sabbath, flight, and sect co-occur as a unified doctrine. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_18` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | This bare definitional claim offers no regional or print-density data to support or undermine a regional accelerant effect. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_19` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Gender composition data does not bear on the time/place of the concept's fusion. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_19` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not address whether formation was singular or diffuse across regions. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_19` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Gender ratios alone do not indicate whether print drove prosecution onset or intensity. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_19` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Regional variation in gender does not itself distinguish print as mere disseminator versus cause. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_19` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Regional variation in gender of the accused is one more marker of heterogeneity undercutting a single uniform concept. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_19` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Gender variation by region is not tied here to print density or timing, so it neither supports nor undermines the accelerant claim. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_20` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Gender ratios of accused in Russia/Ukraine say nothing about the Alpine origin of the concept. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_20` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not address formation process or antecedents of the cumulative concept. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_20` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | No mention of print circulation or timing relative to Malleus editions in these regions. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_20` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Gender demographics do not speak to whether print disseminated a pre-existing concept. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_20` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Sharp regional divergence in accused gender between Russia and Ukraine shows heterogeneity undermining a single uniform phenomenon, though only associational, not elemental composition. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_20` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No data on print density or prosecution intensity correlation in Russia/Ukraine is given here. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_21` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Only notes the end date of Polish-Lithuanian witch persecution, irrelevant to the concept's 1420s-30s Alpine origin. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_21` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Provides no information on the formation process or antecedents of the cumulative concept. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_21` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Gives no data on print penetration or Malleus use in Poland-Lithuania to test print's causal role. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_21` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Does not address whether print merely spread or caused prosecutions in this region. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_21` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Says nothing about whether prosecutions there involved the full cumulative doctrine or partial elements. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_21` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Mentions only legal end dates, not print density or prosecution intensity needed to assess a regional print-accelerant effect. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_23` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Execution-count methodology debate does not bear on where or when the concept originated. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_23` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not address single-locus versus diffuse formation of the concept. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_23` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Aggregate death-toll estimation disputes do not speak to print's causal role in prosecutions. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_23` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Count revisions between scholars do not establish whether print drove or merely spread prosecutions. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_23` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | The passage concerns total execution numbers, not the coherence or composition of the cumulative concept in trials. | | `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_23` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Aggregate European-wide figures give no regional breakdown to test print as a localized accelerant. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_01` | `H1_alpine_origin` | - | Shows the night-flight/Diana motif already existed as canon law doctrine centuries before the 1420s Alpine trials, undercutting a clean Alpine origination event. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_01` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Confirms a classical/folkloric antecedent (Diana cult) feeding into the eventual cumulative concept, supporting a diffuse multi-source assembly over time. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_01` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | This pre-print canon law text has no bearing on whether later print caused prosecution waves. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_01` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Demonstrates the night-flight idea circulated via ecclesiastical/legal channels centuries before any print existed, consistent with print merely disseminating a pre-existing idea. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_01` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Shows the earliest textual ancestor treats night flight as illusion alone, not yet fused with pact/sabbath/sect, supporting heterogeneity rather than a single unified doctrine from the start. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_01` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Predates print entirely and says nothing about regional print penetration or prosecution intensity. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_02` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Canon Episcopi predates and is baseline doctrine, not evidence about the Alpine origin event itself. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_02` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Shows an older canonical strand (illusion doctrine) that later had to be reinterpreted, consistent with a gradual multi-source assembly rather than single-locus creation. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_02` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Predates print by centuries and concerns canon law doctrine, not print's causal role in prosecutions. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_02` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Demonstrates the illusion doctrine was established and disseminated via ecclesiastical/canonical channels well before print existed, supporting print as mere later vehicle. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_02` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Addresses doctrinal classification of night-flight illusion, not the heterogeneity of later trial practice. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_02` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Pre-print canonical text has no bearing on regional print-density effects. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_04` | `H1_alpine_origin` | - | Shows inquisitorial fusion of heresy-procedure with magic accusations already operative in 1258, predating the 1420s Alpine 'crystallization' claimed by H1. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_04` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Documents gradual, uneven expansion of heresy-inquisition discourse to magical practices well before the Alpine trials, supporting diffuse assembly over a single locus. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_04` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Concerns 13th-century inquisitorial procedure, not print, so does not bear on print causation. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_04` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Pre-print canon law procedure; irrelevant to whether print caused or merely spread later prosecutions. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_04` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Hansen's point that heresy was loosely and variably inferred from magic suggests inconsistent, non-uniform application rather than a fixed cumulative doctrine. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_04` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No bearing on print's regional role since the episode predates print entirely. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_05` | `H1_alpine_origin` | + | Shows the Alpine/Vauderie heresy terminology was directly applied to witchcraft, consistent with a localized fusion event involving heresy procedure. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_05` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | The cross-application of Waldensian heresy labels to witchcraft supports a gradual, discourse-based assembly of the concept rather than a single clean origin. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_05` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | This terminological note about heresy-label confusion has no bearing on print's causal role in prosecutions. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_05` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Demonstrates the concept's sect/conspiracy framing predates print, deriving from heresy discourse, supporting pre-1486 articulation. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_05` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | The naming confusion suggests looseness and conflation in how the concept was labeled, supporting heterogeneity over a sharply bounded doctrine. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_05` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Does not address print penetration or regional prosecution intensity, only terminology of French witchcraft naming. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_06` | `H1_alpine_origin` | + | Confirms large-scale Alpine executions in Valais and Briançon in the 1420s-30s, consistent with the Alps as the crystallization site. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_06` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Execution counts alone don't indicate whether these are one node among many or a single origin point. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_06` | `H3_print_causal` | -- | These mass executions occurred decades before the 1486 Malleus, showing prosecution intensity independent of any print causation. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_06` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Demonstrates prosecutions already reaching high intensity via secular courts well before print existed, supporting a pre-print driver thesis. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_06` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Gives execution totals but says nothing about whether pact/sabbath/flight/sect elements were jointly present in these cases. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_06` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Pre-print secular executions in the Alps don't bear on whether print later accelerated prosecutions in German-speaking lands. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_07` | `H1_alpine_origin` | - | A secular judge at Berne running wholesale prosecutions c.1400 predates the 1420s-30s crystallization window and suggests prior Alpine activity not tied to heresy-inquisition procedure. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_07` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Secular (non-inquisitorial) prosecution before 1420 supports multiple independent strands rather than a single inquisitorial fusion event. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_07` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Pre-print era prosecution is irrelevant to assessing print's causal role post-1486. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_07` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Shows prosecutions were already underway via secular judicial channels decades before any print, consistent with print merely spreading an existing practice. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_07` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | A secular judge's prosecutions this early likely proceeded on maleficium or partial elements rather than the full cumulative doctrine, supporting heterogeneity. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_07` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Pre-print Bernese prosecutions do not speak to print's later regional accelerant role in German-speaking territories. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_08` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Passage concerns 1484 bull's procedural novelty, not the 1420s Alpine origin question. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_08` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Shows the Bull merely ratified pre-existing inquisitorial powers, consistent with a long diffuse prior process rather than a sudden print-era creation. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_08` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Explicitly states the Bull 'enacted nothing new,' undermining the claim that the papal/print apparatus of 1484-86 was a causal innovation driving hunts. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_08` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Supports the dissemination-only view by showing the Bull formalized existing anti-sorcery campaigns rather than initiating new legal machinery. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_08` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Does not address whether cumulative elements co-occurred uniformly in trials. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_08` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Speaks to the Bull's lack of novelty, not to regional print-intensity correlations with prosecution. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_09` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Describes papal bull's list of maleficia/apostasy but does not address Alpine origin or regional provenance of the concept. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_09` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Content lists practices without indicating multiple parallel sources, so it neither supports nor undermines diffuse formation. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_09` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Describes the bull's substantive charges, not print's causal role in prosecution waves. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_09` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Shows content predating widespread print but does not speak to whether print later drove or merely spread prosecutions. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_09` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | The bull's charges emphasize maleficium and apostasy without explicit sabbath or night-flight or sect language, suggesting looser, non-uniform doctrine. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_09` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No information on regional print density or accelerant effects is given here. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_10` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Describes the Malleus's tripartite structure without addressing Alpine origins of the concept. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_10` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Says nothing about the diffuse pre-1486 formation process or multiple antecedent nodes. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_10` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Content summary gives no evidence on whether print caused prosecution waves. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_10` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Does not compare pre- and post-1486 prosecution drivers or show disseminative-only function. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_10` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | - | Shows the Malleus treats witchcraft's reality, nature, and procedure as one integrated treatise, mildly undercutting the claim of a loose, incoherent doctrine. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_10` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No regional or comparative prosecution data is given to support an accelerant effect. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_11` | `H1_alpine_origin` | + | Nider's Formicarius, an Alpine-era text predating Malleus by ~50 years, is cited as already containing the same knowledge, consistent with Alpine origin. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_11` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Shows the concept existed in multiple earlier sources before Malleus, supporting a diffuse multi-node formation rather than a single text's invention. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_11` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Explicitly states the Malleus contained nothing new, undermining the claim that print was a necessary or substantively contributing cause of the concept's content. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_11` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | ++ | Directly supports dissemination-only: influence came from reproduction via printing, not from novel content, since Nider had the same material decades earlier. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_11` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Passage addresses publication history and novelty, not the internal coherence or heterogeneity of the cumulative concept. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_11` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Notes general 'great influence' of print but gives no regional comparison needed to assess accelerant effects. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_12` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Concerns the Malleus's reception claims and misogyny, not Alpine origin of the concept. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_12` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not address antecedent formation processes of the concept. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_12` | `H3_print_causal` | + | Shows the text's sensationalism and fraudulent authority claim could have amplified its persuasive/causal impact on prosecutions. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_12` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | The deliberate fraudulent endorsement and sensational framing suggest active shaping rather than neutral transmission of existing ideas. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_12` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Says nothing about heterogeneity of actual trial elements across regions. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_12` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No regional or German-specific distribution data given here. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_13` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Concerns a post-1486 printed treatise, not the 1420s-30s Alpine origin of the concept. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_13` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not speak to the earlier formation process of the cumulative concept. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_13` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Shows contemporaneous print output contested the Malleus's extreme claims, undercutting a single print text as the decisive causal driver of the doctrine. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_13` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Indicates print circulated variant versions of an already-accepted witch belief (existence unquestioned) rather than print itself generating the belief. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_13` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Demonstrates demonological authors disagreed on specifics, supporting heterogeneity rather than one uniform fused doctrine. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_13` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No regional or intensity data to assess print as a regional accelerant. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_14` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Concerns Institoris's 1485 Innsbruck campaign and episcopal resistance, not the Alpine origin of the concept itself. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_14` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Episcopal resistance to Institoris shows the concept's authority was contested locally rather than uniformly accepted from a single source. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_14` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Institoris's campaign and its rejection occurred in 1485, before the 1486 Malleus was even published, showing judicial dynamics independent of the printed text. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_14` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Shows that Institoris's own procedural approach met institutional resistance from the Bishop regardless of any printed authority, consistent with print not driving prosecution outcomes. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_14` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Episcopal criticism of Institoris's procedure indicates heterogeneity and contestation rather than uniform acceptance of his doctrine. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_14` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | Resistance occurred within the German-speaking core region prior to print circulation, undermining the claim that print-density regions uniformly accelerated prosecutions. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_15` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Does not address the origin of the cumulative concept in the Alps. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_15` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Irrelevant to the question of diffuse versus single-locus formation of the concept. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_15` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Shows the Bull/Malleus's target institution (papal inquisitors) declined just as trials intensified, weakening print's causal link to prosecution. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_15` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Indicates prosecutions were driven by secular courts rather than by inquisitorial reliance on the Malleus, consistent with print merely disseminating an idea others acted on independently. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_15` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Says nothing about whether trials combined all four cumulative elements. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_15` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | Suggests the institutional channel the Malleus targeted (inquisitors) waned, complicating any clean print-driven acceleration story even in Germany. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_16` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Concerns papal bull impact, not the Alpine origin of the concept itself. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_16` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not address the formation process of the concept, only the Bull's aftermath. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_16` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Downplaying the Bull's immediate effects undercuts claims that papal/print-backed authorization quickly triggered prosecution intensification. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_16` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Supports the view that print/papal endorsement did not itself drive immediate prosecution surges, consistent with dissemination-only role. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_16` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Does not bear on whether the cumulative concept was uniformly fused or heterogeneous. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_16` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | If the Bull's immediate effects were minimal, this weakens claims of print/papal authorization as a swift regional accelerant. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_17` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Confessional divide in prosecution intensity says nothing about the origin point of the concept centuries earlier. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_17` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not bear on how the concept was assembled or where it first coalesced. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_17` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Greater Protestant than Catholic hunting undercuts a Malleus-print-driven account since the Malleus was a Catholic-authored, Catholic-endorsed text yet Catholic areas lagged. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_17` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Suggests confessional/religious-conflict dynamics, not print availability, drove prosecution intensity, consistent with print being merely disseminative. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_17` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Says nothing about whether trials combined all four cumulative elements or just maleficium. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_17` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | If Protestant regions out-prosecuted Catholic ones despite the Malleus being Catholic print, intensity does not simply track Malleus/demonological print density as the accelerant model implies. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_18` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Concerns 1580s-90s German executions, irrelevant to the 1420s-30s Alpine origin question. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_18` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Provides no information about the formation or antecedents of the concept. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_18` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Gives raw execution counts without any link to print circulation or Malleus use, so it cannot support or refute print causation. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_18` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Shows intense German prosecution but offers no evidence about whether print or other factors drove it. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_18` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Mass burnings imply cumulative-concept witch hunts but the passage says nothing about whether full pact/sabbath/flight/sect elements were present. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_18` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | + | Confirms extremely high prosecution intensity in German-speaking territories, consistent with the regional-accelerant claim though it lacks direct print-density data. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_19` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Disputed English execution tallies say nothing about the Alpine origin or timing of the cumulative concept. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_19` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | The passage offers no information on multiple parallel loci of concept formation, only disputed English figures. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_19` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | No mention of Malleus or print circulation accompanies these contested English execution numbers. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_19` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | The passage does not address whether print disseminated an already-formed concept in England. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_19` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | - | Wildly discrepant execution estimates (3000 vs 30000) suggest historiographical imprecision that could extend to over-tidy claims about the cumulative concept's uniformity, mildly supporting heterogeneity concerns. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_19` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No data here links English prosecution scale to print density, so it cannot support or undermine a regional accelerant pattern. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_20` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | A Scottish execution tally says nothing about the Alpine origin of the concept. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_20` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not bear on formation process, only gives a later national death toll. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_20` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Bare execution count without any print-circulation data cannot support or refute print causation. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_20` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | No mention of Malleus penetration in Scotland or alternative drivers, so it does not discriminate. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_20` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | A total death count says nothing about whether trials combined all four cumulative elements. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_20` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | Scotland was a low-print-density region yet produced substantial executions (3400), weakly undercutting a tight print-intensity correlation outside Germany. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_21` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Concerns 1563 skeptical literature, not the 1420s-30s origin of the concept. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_21` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not bear on the formation process of the cumulative concept. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_21` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Shows print could also carry anti-persecution arguments yet hunts continued and even peaked after 1563, weakening a simple print-causes-prosecution claim. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_21` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Illustrates print as a vehicle for circulating ideas (here skeptical ones) rather than itself driving prosecution outcomes. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_21` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Does not address heterogeneity of trial elements or the concept's coherence. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_21` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No regional print-density or prosecution-intensity data given here. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_22` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Concerns 16th-century print debate, not the Alpine origin of the concept. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_22` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not address the formation process of the cumulative concept. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_22` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Shows print served as a venue for debate and royal suppression (burning of Scot) rather than driving prosecution intensity, weakening a causal reading. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_22` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Illustrates print circulating competing ideas (Bodin, Scot, James I) without print itself determining prosecution outcomes, consistent with a disseminative role. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_22` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Passage concerns reception of ideas, not the internal coherence of the cumulative concept in trial records. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_22` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No regional comparison of print density and prosecution intensity is given here. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_23` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Concerns the timing of decline and legal reform, not the origin of the cumulative concept. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_23` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Irrelevant to the question of formation process of the concept. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_23` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Decline is tied to legal abolition of torture across decades, not to any waning of print production, weakening a print-driven causal account. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_23` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Shows decline driven by institutional/legal reform (torture abolition) rather than print changes, consistent with print being merely a vehicle and other factors driving prosecution trends. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_23` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Says nothing about heterogeneity or completeness of the cumulative concept's elements. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_23` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Lists varying dates of torture abolition across German states but gives no print-density correlation to support or refute a regional print accelerant effect. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_24` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Decline endpoints say nothing about the origin event in the 1420s-30s Alps. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_24` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not bear on how the concept formed, only on when prosecutions ended. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_24` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Persistence of trials into the 1740s-1780s, long after peak print output waned, undercuts print as the driving causal engine of hunts. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_24` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Endpoint dates alone don't show what drove timing of decline versus print availability. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_24` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Mentions only that executions occurred, not whether the cumulative pact/sabbath/flight/sect elements were present. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_24` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Gives no data on print density correlating with the German versus Swiss prosecution timing or intensity. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_26` | `H1_alpine_origin` | + | Shows sabbath, pact, and infanticide elements already fused in a trial consistent with the Alpine-type confessions used to date the concept's crystallization. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_26` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Content of a single torture-extracted confession does not indicate whether this fusion arose independently or from a single Alpine node. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_26` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Describes confession content only, with no reference to print or its timing relative to prosecution. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_26` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Does not address print's role in disseminating versus originating the concept. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_26` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | - | Shows pact, sabbath, devil-worship, and cannibalistic infanticide co-present in one confession, cutting against the claim that cumulative elements rarely appear together. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_26` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No information about print penetration or regional prosecution intensity is given here. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_27` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Passage concerns Malleus's rhetoric on gender and crime severity, not the Alpine origin event. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_27` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not speak to the diffuse vs. localized formation process of the concept. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_27` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Highlights Malleus's distinctive misogynist framing but is only one text's rhetorical stance, not evidence of causal effect on prosecution onset or intensity. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_27` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Suggests Malleus's novelty was rhetorical/sensational emphasis rather than introducing new doctrinal content, consistent with print standardizing existing ideas. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_27` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Does not address heterogeneity of trial elements or regional variation in the concept's components. | | `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_27` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No regional or print-density comparison is made here to support or refute an accelerant effect. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_01` | `H1_alpine_origin` | + | Early 1400s theological/legal writing on flight and the 1451 manuscript support an Alpine-era crystallization timeframe for flight as a component. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_01` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Multiple authority types (theologians, inquisitors, magistrates) independently writing on flight in early 1400s suggests parallel, diffuse articulation rather than single-node origin. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_01` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Concerns a 1451 manuscript illustration, predating the printing press's relevance to the Malleus/pamphlet causation question. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_01` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Shows night-flight imagery and discourse circulating via manuscript before print existed, supporting pre-print articulation of the concept. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_01` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Passage addresses only the flight element's emergence, not the coherence or co-presence of all four elements. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_01` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Predates print entirely and says nothing about regional print density or German territories. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_02` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | General statement on flight-sabbath linkage, no Alpine specificity or dating evidence. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_02` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not address diffuse versus localized origin or multiple antecedent strands. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_02` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | No mention of print, Malleus, or publication timing relative to prosecution. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_02` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Does not speak to print's role versus prior oral/legal articulation of the concept. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_02` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | - | Describes flight and sabbath as mutually reinforcing conceptual elements, implying an integrated doctrine rather than loose heterogeneous accusations. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_02` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Contains no regional or print-density comparison relevant to an accelerant effect. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_03` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Describes the pre-existing Canon Episcopi baseline but does not address the 1420s-30s Alpine fusion event itself. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_03` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Shows an earlier, distinct folkloric/canonical antecedent (Diana flight) that had to be reinterpreted, consistent with a diffuse multi-source formation rather than a single Alpine origin. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_03` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Concerns pre-print canon law centuries before 1486 and does not bear on print's causal role in prosecutions. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_03` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Confirms the cumulative concept's flight element had deep pre-print doctrinal roots requiring later reinterpretation, supporting that print only disseminated an already-evolving idea. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_03` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Highlights that the flight element originally meant illusion not fact, underscoring doctrinal heterogeneity and instability later papered over by the 'cumulative concept' label. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_03` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Pre-print canon law text has no bearing on print's regional accelerant role in German territories. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_04` | `H1_alpine_origin` | - | Shows the Diana/night-flight motif existed centuries before the 1420s Alpine trials, weakening the claim of a wholly novel Alpine fusion. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_04` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | ++ | Documents a pre-15th-century folkloric antecedent feeding into later doctrine, supporting a diffuse, multi-source formation process. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_04` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Concerns 10th-century canon law, not print culture, so it does not bear on the print-causation claim. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_04` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Confirms key sabbath-flight imagery circulated long before 1486 print, consistent with print merely disseminating a pre-existing idea. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_04` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Shows the Canon Episcopi treated flight as illusion rather than fact, evidencing doctrinal heterogeneity over time rather than one fixed cumulative concept. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_04` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Pre-print canon law content has no bearing on regional print-density effects. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_05` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Mentions Le Franc's skepticism but does not bear on whether the Alpine trials were the origin point of the fused concept. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_05` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Shows contested, uneven acceptance of night-flight element among early writers, consistent with a diffuse, non-monolithic formation process. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_05` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Early skepticism toward flying witches among writers suggests the idea was debated rather than uniformly propagated by print, weakening a strong causal print role. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_05` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Resistance to the flight element even as it circulated supports that print merely disseminated a contested idea rather than driving belief or prosecution. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_05` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Documented skepticism about one of the four defining elements (flight) among contemporary writers supports heterogeneity rather than a uniformly accepted fused doctrine. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_05` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Passage gives no regional or print-density comparison needed to assess a region-specific accelerant effect. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_06` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Le Franc's views on magicians and flight do not address the Alpine origin or timing of the concept's fusion. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_06` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Shows coexisting, partially divergent elite beliefs (demon conjuring accepted, flight doubted) consistent with a diffuse, uneven formation of the concept. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_06` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Le Franc wrote decades before print or the Malleus, so this passage cannot speak to print's causal role. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_06` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Demonstrates skeptical debate over witch elements already circulating pre-1486, supporting that print later disseminated rather than created such discourse. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_06` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Shows a contemporary rejecting one core element (flight) while accepting another (demon conjuring), illustrating heterogeneity within the supposed unified concept. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_06` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No bearing on regional print density or prosecution intensity, as the passage predates print entirely. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_07` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Gender and dress of flying figures in Le Franc's text does not bear on whether the Alpine trials were the crystallization locus. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_07` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | The gendered, non-elite imagery doesn't speak to single versus diffuse origin of the concept. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_07` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Shows the female/non-elite accusation pattern and flight imagery predates Malleus print circulation, weakening print as causal origin. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_07` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Supports that the gendered, folk-implement imagery of witches was already established before print, consistent with print merely standardizing pre-existing ideas. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_07` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Describes gender/class of accused but does not address heterogeneity of the four-element cumulative doctrine itself. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_07` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Passage gives no regional/print-density comparison needed to assess an accelerant effect. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_08` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Passage discusses gender perception of authorities, not the Alpine origin or timing of the concept's fusion. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_08` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not address geographic or temporal diffusion of the concept, only authorities' seriousness about witchcraft generally. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_08` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | No mention of print, Malleus, or causal mechanisms of prosecution waves. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_08` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Gender attitudes of authorities do not bear on whether print merely spread or caused the concept. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_08` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Passage speaks to authorities' seriousness about witchcraft broadly, not to heterogeneity of the cumulative concept's elements. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_08` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No regional or print-density comparison is made here. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_09` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Concerns flight-ointment testimony origins, not the Alpine crystallization timing or process. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_09` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not address diffuse vs. localized formation of the concept. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_09` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Speaks to how flight testimony was produced by authorities, not to print's causal role in prosecutions. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_09` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Irrelevant to whether print merely disseminated a pre-existing concept. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_09` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Shows night-flight details were often imposed by interrogators rather than organically present, supporting heterogeneity/overstatement of a uniform cumulative concept. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_09` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Does not speak to regional print density or its correlation with prosecution intensity. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_10` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Passage only notes the end of witch-hunting and the persistence of the flight image, saying nothing about the origin of the concept. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_10` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not address formation processes or origins of the cumulative concept. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_10` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Offers no evidence on print's causal role in initiating or sustaining hunts, nor on decline mechanisms. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_10` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Does not bear on whether print merely disseminated versus caused prosecutions. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_10` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | The enduring broom-flight image is a cultural aside unrelated to trial heterogeneity or doctrinal coherence. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_10` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No regional or print-density data given here to support or undermine an accelerant effect. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_11` | `H1_alpine_origin` | + | Shows night-flight-to-sabbath imagery already fused with maleficium motifs in sources consistent with the Alpine trial corpus. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_11` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Describes content of flight belief without indicating whether it arose locally or diffusely across regions. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_11` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Concerns pre-print oral/textual belief content, not print's causal role in prosecution timing. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_11` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Does not address print's dissemination function versus independent judicial drivers. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_11` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | - | Depicts flight and sabbath attendance as integrated in a single narrative, weakening the claim that elements were loosely combined or absent. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_11` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No regional print-density or prosecution-intensity data provided. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_12` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Does not specify geographic or temporal origin of the fusion, only notes doctrinal uncertainty about flight. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_12` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Shows multiple, varying texts with differing views on flight's reality, consistent with a diffuse rather than single clean synthesis. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_12` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Concerns pre-print or manuscript-era doctrinal variation, not bearing on print's causal role. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_12` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | No mention of print or dissemination mechanisms, irrelevant to this hypothesis. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_12` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Demonstrates lingering disagreement over whether flight was literal or illusory, supporting heterogeneity rather than one fixed doctrine. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_12` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Does not address print penetration or regional prosecution intensity. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_13` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Speaks generally to authorities inventing flight belief but does not identify the Alps specifically as locus. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_13` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Suggests the flight concept was a construct of multiple legal/religious authorities, consistent with diffuse, multi-site formation. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_13` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Concerns origin of the flight idea in authorities' minds, not print's causal role in prosecutions. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_13` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Implies the flight concept predates and originates independent of print, in the minds of jurists/clerics, supporting print as mere disseminator. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_13` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Highlights that flight belief may be an authority-imposed abstraction rather than a uniformly real, coherent popular doctrine, supporting heterogeneity claim. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_13` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Does not address regional variation in print penetration or prosecution intensity. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_14` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Does not address origin timing or location of the concept. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_14` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | No bearing on whether formation was diffuse or singular. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_14` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Skepticism about flight does not speak to whether print drove prosecutions. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_14` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Suggests judicial outcomes depended on legal/procedural will rather than doctrinal conviction, consistent with local non-print drivers of prosecution. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_14` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Implies courts could convict without full belief in flight, hinting doctrine was applied loosely rather than as a rigidly co-present fused package. | | `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_14` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Does not distinguish regional print density effects on prosecution intensity. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_01` | `H1_alpine_origin` | + | Fründ's Valais account documents pact, devil-worship, and anti-sacramental sect behavior fusing with maleficium/heresy charges in the 1420s-30s Alpine trials. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_01` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | The passage shows one Alpine instance but does not address whether comparable elements existed elsewhere or converged independently. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_01` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | This pre-print oral/trial account has no bearing on the later print-causation question. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_01` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Shows the pact/sect concept already fully operative via judicial/oral channels decades before 1486, consistent with print merely disseminating a pre-existing idea. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_01` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | - | The account bundles pact, sect tribute, and anti-sacramental practice together, suggesting an early integrated cluster rather than mere maleficium alone. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_01` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Predates print entirely and says nothing about regional print density effects. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_02` | `H1_alpine_origin` | - | Attestation of flight and sabbath elements outside a clean Alpine-only configuration suggests precedents existed before the 1420s crystallization. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_02` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Shows partial combination of sabbath and flight motifs circulating independently, consistent with gradual multi-source assembly of the concept. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_02` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Passage concerns pre-print oral/legal attestation of motifs, not print's causal role in prosecutions. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_02` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Demonstrates the sabbath/flight imagery was already circulating well before 1486, supporting print as mere later standardizer. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_02` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Describes only flight and sabbath elements without explicit pact or sect membership, illustrating partial rather than fully fused doctrine. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_02` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Does not address print penetration or regional prosecution intensity. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_03` | `H1_alpine_origin` | + | Shows Alpine inquisitorial machinery predated and fed into 1420s-30s trials, supporting the Alpine fusion event. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_03` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Waldensian persecution 1399-1430 as antecedent supports a longer, more diffuse formation process rather than a single sudden crystallization. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_03` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Pre-print inquisitorial infrastructure already existed decades before 1486, weakening claims print was necessary to initiate prosecutions. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_03` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Confirms a pre-existing operative inquisitorial/legal apparatus before 1486, consistent with print merely spreading an already functioning system. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_03` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Passage addresses institutional precursors, not the uniformity or heterogeneity of the cumulative concept's elements. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_03` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Concerns pre-print institutional origins in the Alps, not regional print density effects in German territories. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_04` | `H1_alpine_origin` | + | Fründ's figure of a '700'-strong witch conspiracy with mass burnings by 1430 confirms the Valais trials as an early, large-scale site where sect-membership language was already operative. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_04` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | The passage documents scale at one Alpine node but says nothing about parallel or antecedent developments elsewhere that would support a diffuse origin. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_04` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | This 1430 chronicle predates print entirely and offers no information on print's causal role. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_04` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Mass prosecutions with sect/conspiracy framing occurring decades before print existed supports the view that the concept and its lethal application predated and were independent of print dissemination. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_04` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | - | A conspiracy of '700' witches with organized sect membership implies an already coherent, non-maleficium-only concept rather than fragmented, heterogeneous accusations. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_04` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Pre-print Alpine trial scale does not bear on whether later print density tracked or diverged from German prosecution intensity. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_05` | `H1_alpine_origin` | + | Explicitly identifies Valais as the first systematic witch-hunt campaign, supporting an Alpine origin point. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_05` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | - | Framing Valais as 'the first' systematic campaign undercuts a picture of multiple parallel independent nodes. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_05` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Concerns origin timing of trials, not print's causal role. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_05` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Does not address print dissemination or its relation to prosecution drivers. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_05` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Says nothing about whether elements were uniformly fused or heterogeneous. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_05` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Irrelevant to print's regional accelerant role, concerns only trial origin. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_06` | `H1_alpine_origin` | + | Identifies Valais 1428 as the first systematic witch persecution, consistent with an Alpine crystallization point. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_06` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | - | Framing Valais as the singular 'first event' of systematic persecution cuts against a diffuse, multi-nodal formation narrative. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_06` | `H3_print_causal` | -- | Systematic mass persecution occurred decades before any print existed, undermining print as causal. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_06` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Shows large-scale persecution mechanics already operative pre-1486, supporting that print only later disseminated an existing phenomenon. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_06` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Passage concerns scale and timing of persecution, not whether the four-part doctrine was coherently present. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_06` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Pre-print era event has no bearing on later regional print-accelerant dynamics. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_07` | `H1_alpine_origin` | + | Confirms Nider drew on earlier documents in composing Formicarius, consistent with Alpine-era synthesis but shows reliance on prior materials rather than pure invention. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_07` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Shows Nider's work was built from pre-existing documents, supporting a gradual, multi-sourced assembly rather than a single discrete origin. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_07` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Concerns manuscript-era textual transmission before print existed, irrelevant to print-causation claims. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_07` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Demonstrates the concept circulated via pre-print documentary channels decades before 1486, supporting that print only later disseminated an existing idea. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_07` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Says nothing about whether trial records show full four-element combinations or partial ones. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_07` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Predates print entirely and does not address regional print density effects. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_08` | `H1_alpine_origin` | - | Valais' male-majority victim profile diverges from the canonical later female-dominated pattern, suggesting the Alpine trials were not yet the fully formed cumulative concept. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_08` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Different gender ratios at this early node versus later phases support a gradual, uneven assembly of the concept rather than a single clean origin. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_08` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Gender composition of victims says nothing about print's causal role in prosecutions. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_08` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | This demographic contrast does not bear on whether print merely spread an existing concept. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_08` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | The shifting gender profile across time is one more sign of heterogeneity undermining a single uniform cumulative-concept phenomenon. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_08` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No information here about print density or regional accelerant effects, only early Alpine demographics. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_09` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Describes a local procedural rule for arrest based on rumor but says nothing about fusion of pact, sabbath, or sect elements with heresy procedure. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_09` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | The passage is a procedural detail about accusation thresholds, not evidence of multiple independent strands converging into the cumulative concept. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_09` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Concerns 15th-century local judicial procedure, irrelevant to print's causal role which postdates this by decades. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_09` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Shows pre-print local legal mechanisms for witch arrest but does not speak to print's disseminative versus causal function. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_09` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Shows prosecutions could proceed on mere neighborly slander rather than documented full pact/sabbath/sect elements, consistent with heterogeneous, less-than-fully-cumulative accusation practice. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_09` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Predates and is unrelated to print circulation, so bears nothing on print as regional accelerant. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_10` | `H1_alpine_origin` | + | Documents actual content of early Alpine confessions (Fründ's Valais account), supporting the trials as a concrete locus of early concept formation. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_10` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Describes only the Alpine confessions themselves, not parallel or antecedent developments elsewhere. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_10` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Concerns pre-print oral/torture-extracted confessions, irrelevant to print's causal role. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_10` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Pre-dates print entirely and says nothing about dissemination channels. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_10` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | Confessions list maleficium acts (lameness, madness, infanticide) without mentioning pact, sabbath, or flight, suggesting partial rather than full cumulative elements at this stage. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_10` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No bearing on print penetration or regional accelerant effects. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_11` | `H1_alpine_origin` | + | Confirms theologians actively collecting and discussing trial evidence specifically from the Valais/Vaud/Savoy Alpine region in this period. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_11` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Shows theologians synthesizing scattered court proceedings rather than a single unified text, consistent with a gradual assembling process. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_11` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Passage concerns pre-print manuscript/court evidence collection, not print production or circulation. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_11` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Does not address print's role in disseminating an already-formed concept. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_11` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Does not indicate whether the collected proceedings show full cumulative-concept elements or only partial/maleficium cases. | | `ev_cd8d10389080_11` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | No mention of print density or regional prosecution intensity tied to printed texts. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_01` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Authorship details of the Malleus do not bear on the earlier Alpine origin of the cumulative concept. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_01` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Composition facts about Kramer and Sprenger say nothing about whether the concept formed diffusely or at one node. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_01` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Confirms the Malleus was the first printed witch-hunting guide but establishes only production, not that print caused prosecutions. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_01` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | Notes it was the first printed guide, consistent with but not proof of a purely disseminative role for print. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_01` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Authorship and dating details do not speak to the uniformity or heterogeneity of the cumulative concept in trials. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_01` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Gives no regional or chronological data on print penetration versus prosecution intensity. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_02` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Publication history of the Malleus says nothing about the 1420s-30s Alpine origin of the concept. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_02` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Edition counts do not bear on whether the concept formed diffusely or at one node. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_02` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | The edition count alone shows timing but not whether print caused prosecutions; the 1520-1574 lull is ambiguous for necessity. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_02` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | A ~54-year lull in editions (1520-1574) before the peak prosecution era suggests the concept persisted and spread independent of sustained print output, consistent with print as mere dissemination. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_02` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Edition counts say nothing about whether trials uniformly combined pact, sabbath, flight and sect. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_02` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | + | The surge of fifteen editions in 1574-1620 coincides temporally with the peak German-centered prosecution decades, consistent with print acting as a regional accelerant. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_03` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Print publication counts say nothing about the 1420s-30s Alpine origin of the concept. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_03` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Edition counts across cities and decades do not bear on whether the concept formed diffusely or at one node. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_03` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Wide geographic and chronological spread of only 28 editions across nine cities over two centuries is modest for a claim that print was a necessary driver of mass prosecutions. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_03` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Diffusion across nine cities and two centuries fits a pattern of gradual dissemination rather than a sudden print-triggered surge. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_03` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Bibliographic edition counts do not address whether trial records show full or partial versions of the cumulative concept. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_03` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Aggregate city/year totals alone do not show whether German-speaking print density specifically tracks prosecution intensity. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_04` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | This is about judicial use of the printed Malleus in 1489, unrelated to the question of where the concept originated. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_04` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not bear on the formation process of the cumulative concept, only on later judicial reference to a printed text. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_04` | `H3_print_causal` | + | Documents actual judicial consultation of the Malleus only three years after publication, suggesting the text could have influenced prosecution decisions rather than merely circulating unused. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_04` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Shows magistrates using the Malleus as a reference work, consistent with print serving a disseminative/standardizing function for existing legal deliberation. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_04` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Says nothing about whether the concept applied was the full pact-sabbath-flight-sect package or partial maleficium charges. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_04` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | + | Nuremberg is a German-speaking, print-dense territory, and this early documented consultation is consistent with print acting as a regional accelerant there. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_05` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Judicial use of the Malleus in 1580s Trier says nothing about the origin of the concept in the 1420s Alps. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_05` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | This late trial-use evidence does not bear on how the concept was originally assembled. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_05` | `H3_print_causal` | + | Explicit documented use of the Malleus to justify and conduct trials supports print having a substantive causal role in prosecution conduct. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_05` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | Authorities 'using it to justify and conduct trials' goes beyond mere dissemination, undercutting the purely disseminative reading. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_05` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | This passage addresses judicial reliance on the text, not the internal coherence or heterogeneity of the cumulative concept. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_05` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | + | A German-speaking territory (Trier) showing direct procedural reliance on the Malleus fits the pattern of print intensifying local prosecutions in print-dense regions. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_06` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Passage concerns print timing and city uptake, not the Alpine origin of the concept. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_06` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Noting persecution predates Malleus supports a pre-existing diffuse concept rather than a print-created one. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_06` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Admitting persecution predates the Malleus undercuts a necessary-cause reading, though acceleration suggests some contributing role; establishes temporality. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_06` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | Acceleration in uptake rate after manuals appeared implies print did more than passively spread an existing idea, weakening pure dissemination claim; shows temporality and dose-response via rate change. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_06` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Does not address whether the cumulative concept was uniformly fused or heterogeneous. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_06` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | ++ | Directly supports the accelerant model: pre-existing persecution intensified in rate once manuals circulated, consistent with print as a contingent accelerant; establishes temporality and dose-response. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_07` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Passage concerns print-trial timing, not the origin locus of the concept. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_07` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not address the formation process of the concept, only diffusion lag of print. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_07` | `H3_print_causal` | + | A delayed but eventual correlation with lag effects supports some causal contribution of print via percolation rather than mere coincidence. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_07` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | The claimed lag-dependent trial correlation suggests print actively shaped prosecution timing, weakening a purely disseminative role. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_07` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Irrelevant to whether the cumulative concept was uniformly fused or heterogeneous. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_07` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | + | Supports an accelerant model where print needs time to percolate before intensifying already-existing prosecution trends. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_08` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Concerns print-trial correlation centuries after the Alpine origin period, irrelevant to origin question. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_08` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Statistical print-trial correlation does not bear on the formation process of the concept. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_08` | `H3_print_causal` | + | A dose-response relationship between edition density and likelihood of a first trial supports print as a contributing causal factor. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_08` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | If more editions predict first trials occurring, print appears to do more than passively disseminate an already-operative concept. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_08` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | This statistic addresses trial onset timing, not whether trials included all four cumulative-concept elements. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_08` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | + | A measurable dose-response between edition density and trial onset fits print acting as an accelerant where print was denser. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_09` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | City network centrality data says nothing about the 15th-century Alpine origin of the concept. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_09` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Network centrality of cities does not bear on whether the concept formed diffusely or at a single node. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_09` | `H3_print_causal` | + | High connectivity (plausibly reflecting print/communication networks) strongly predicting trial onset is consistent with print or information-network diffusion playing a causal role, though only associational. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_09` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | A strong dose-response link between city network centrality and trial initiation suggests more than passive dissemination, weakening the 'print as mere conduit' claim. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_09` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | This statistic on trial onset by city connectivity does not address whether the cumulative concept was uniformly fused or heterogeneous. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_09` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | + | Highly connected cities having vastly higher odds of starting trials supports a regionally contingent accelerant mechanism tied to communication/print network density. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_10` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Concerns regional print/prosecution correlation, not the origin of the concept in the Alps. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_10` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not bear on how the concept was formed or diffused conceptually, only on later prosecution geography. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_10` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Low prosecution in Hanseatic cities correlates with distance from Malleus publication but equally with distance from confessional conflict, confounding a pure print-causal reading. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_10` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Suggests confessional conflict proximity, not print alone, tracks prosecution intensity, consistent with print being secondary to other drivers. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_10` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Says nothing about whether cumulative-concept elements co-occurred in trials. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_10` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | + | Shows regional variation in prosecution tracking both print proximity and conflict proximity, fitting a regionally contingent accelerant model. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_11` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Addresses diffusion patterns among trial sites generally, not the Alpine origin question specifically. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_11` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Neighborhood-based social reinforcement suggests the concept propagated through diffuse local networks rather than a single traceable lineage. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_11` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Spatial-temporal proximity to other trials, not print circulation, is shown as the driver of new prosecutions, undercutting print as necessary cause. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_11` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Demonstrates a concrete non-print channel—social/institutional proximity between communities—sufficient to transmit and trigger trials. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_11` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Does not address whether the concept itself was uniformly fused or partial in content. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_11` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | The finding attributes spread to generic spatial-temporal social reinforcement rather than to print density specifically, weakening a distinct print-accelerant effect. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_12` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Does not address Alpine origins or timing of the concept's formation. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_12` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | No bearing on whether formation was diffuse or localized. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_12` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Positing latent demand as a confound suggests prosecution drivers predate and are independent of print supply, weakening a strict print-causal claim. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_12` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Latent demand for persecution implies underlying social drivers independent of print, consistent with print as mere disseminator. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_12` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Concerns causal endogeneity of demand/supply, not the coherence or boundedness of the cumulative concept itself. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_12` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Does not speak to regional variation in print density versus prosecution intensity. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_13` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Concerns Kramer's pre-Malleus Ravensburg case, not the Alpine 1420s-30s origin claim. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_13` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Shows weather-maleficium prosecutions operating via inquisitorial procedure independent of the Malleus, consistent with diffuse antecedent channels. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_13` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Kramer's successful prosecution and execution predate the Malleus's 1486 publication, showing the cumulative-concept apparatus and executions could occur without print. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_13` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Demonstrates inquisitorial witch prosecution already functioning effectively before the Malleus existed, supporting print as mere later codification. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_13` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Passage does not specify whether pact/sabbath/flight/sect elements were all present in the Ravensburg case, so it doesn't bear on doctrinal coherence. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_13` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | Shows prosecution and execution occurring in German-speaking territory before any print existed, undermining print as the accelerant even regionally. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_14` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Concerns 16th-17th century German prosecutions, not the 1420s-30s Alpine origin of the concept. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_14` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not speak to the formation process of the concept, only later prosecution waves. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_14` | `H3_print_causal` | + | Links intense German persecutions to experts trained in demonological theory, consistent with print's causal role but without citing specific texts. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_14` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | - | Describes active expert application of demonological theory in prosecutions, suggesting more than passive dissemination of a pre-existing idea. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_14` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Does not address whether these trials combined all four cumulative elements or proceeded on partial grounds. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_14` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | + | Shows severe, expert-driven persecution clustering in German-speaking territories, the region of densest Malleus/demonological print circulation, supporting a regional accelerant pattern. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_15` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | This concerns print-city correlation with trials, not the Alpine origin of the concept. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_15` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not bear on formation process of the concept, only on print-trial correlation. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_15` | `H3_print_causal` | -- | Shows most Malleus-printing cities had no or only brief trial activity, undermining print as a causal driver of prosecutions. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_15` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Weak link between printing locations and sustained trials supports that print was not the operative driver, consistent with disseminative-only role. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_15` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Evidence about print-trial correlation does not address whether the concept itself was uniformly fused or heterogeneous. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_15` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | If print cities mostly lacked sustained trials, this weakens the claim that print accelerated prosecutions even in print-dense areas. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_16` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Concerns methodological confounding in spatial studies, not the origin event itself. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_16` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | General caution about spatial confounds does not bear on diffuse-formation origins. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_16` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Warns that prior apparent spatial correlations (possibly including print-prosecution links) may reflect unmeasured diffusion rather than print's causal effect. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_16` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Supports caution that print-prosecution correlations may actually reflect other diffusion mechanisms, consistent with print being merely associative. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_16` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Does not address heterogeneity of the cumulative concept itself. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_16` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | - | Undercuts confidence that regional print-density correlations with prosecution are genuinely causal rather than artifacts of unmeasured diffusion. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_17` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | General description of the elaborated concept with no reference to Alpine locus or 1420s-30s timing to support or refute a specific origin. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_17` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Summarizes modern historiography on pact/conspiracy elements without indicating whether formation was single-node or diffuse. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_17` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Discusses the content of the concept, not the causal role of print in its dissemination or prosecution timing. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_17` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 0 | No mention of print at all, so it neither supports nor undermines the dissemination-only claim. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_17` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | - | Treats pact and conspiracy as a coherent 'elaborated' concept agreed upon across multiple scholars, mildly undercutting the overgeneralization claim. | | `ev_3c433a0d9296_17` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Does not address regional print density or prosecution intensity, so it is irrelevant to the accelerant claim. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_01` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | The bull names German dioceses, not Alpine ones, and says nothing about the 1420s-30s crystallization event. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_01` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Shows the concept's geographic framing already spanning multiple German territories by 1484, consistent with a diffuse rather than single-locus origin. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_01` | `H3_print_causal` | - | The bull predates the Malleus's print run by two years and already articulates the demonic-harm framework, showing the concept existed independent of print. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_01` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Demonstrates the ecclesiastical/legal articulation of the witch threat was already in papal and administrative circulation before Malleus print, supporting print as later disseminator. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_01` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | + | The bull's language is overwhelmingly maleficium-focused (crop/animal/fertility harm) with no explicit sabbath, night-flight, or sect elements, supporting heterogeneity over a fixed four-part doctrine. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_01` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Names German-speaking dioceses but as a pre-print papal document, so it does not speak to print's later regional accelerant role. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_02` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | This appointment text concerns 1484 inquisitorial jurisdiction, not the 1420s-30s Alpine origin of the concept. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_02` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | Does not speak to the gradual multi-node formation process of the concept before 1484. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_02` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Merely confirms papal deputation of inquisitors predating print publication, not whether print itself caused prosecutions. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_02` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Shows inquisitorial authority and institutional machinery already existed via papal commission before the Malleus was printed, consistent with print merely disseminating existing authority. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_02` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Says nothing about whether trial records show full or partial element combinations. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_02` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Establishes jurisdictional geography (upper Germany, Rhine) but not print density or prosecution intensity correlation. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_03` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | This papal bull text grants inquisitorial jurisdiction but does not speak to the origin or formation of the cumulative concept. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_03` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 0 | The passage is a jurisdictional grant, not evidence bearing on whether the concept formed diffusely or at one locus. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_03` | `H3_print_causal` | + | Shows papal authorization (Summis desiderantes, prefixed to Malleus editions) extending inquisitors' legal reach, which print then disseminated alongside the treatise, lending institutional backing to print's causal role. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_03` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | The authority to prosecute derives from papal decree predating and independent of the printed Malleus, supporting that legal mechanisms rather than print itself drove prosecution capacity. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_03` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | The passage addresses jurisdictional scope, not the content or uniformity of the cumulative concept in trials. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_03` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | This generic jurisdictional extension does not indicate regional variation tied to print density. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_04` | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | Concerns jurisdictional disputes over inquisitorial authority, not the Alpine origin of the concept. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_04` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | + | Shows the concept's enforcement relied on contested ecclesiastical-legal authority spreading unevenly across provinces, consistent with diffuse institutional uptake. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_04` | `H3_print_causal` | - | Depicts papal/ecclesiastical legal authority, not print, as the mechanism driving and contesting prosecution jurisdiction. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_04` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Illustrates that legal and ecclesiastical channels (papal deputation) operated independently of print to extend or resist inquisitorial reach. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_04` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Does not address whether the cumulative concept's elements co-occurred or varied in trials. | | `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_04` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Addresses jurisdictional resistance, not print density or regional accelerant effects. | | `ev_falsify_0db1a8124cda_bd645783b8e9b4550c01bcf1_01` | `H1_alpine_origin` | + | Traces the Errores Gazariorum back to a single point of origin in the Aosta Valley before it spreads outward, consistent with a discrete Alpine origin. | | `ev_falsify_0db1a8124cda_bd645783b8e9b4550c01bcf1_01` | `H2_diffuse_formation` | - | Shows a single traceable lineage radiating from one Alpine node rather than multiple independent parallel developments, which is the stated falsifier for diffuse formation. | | `ev_falsify_0db1a8124cda_bd645783b8e9b4550c01bcf1_01` | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | Describes manuscript circulation and translation, not print production, so it does not bear on the print-causation claim. | | `ev_falsify_0db1a8124cda_bd645783b8e9b4550c01bcf1_01` | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | + | Demonstrates the concept could travel widely (Aosta to Basel to the Palatinate, with translation) via manuscript copying alone, supporting the view that non-print channels sufficed for dissemination. | | `ev_falsify_0db1a8124cda_bd645783b8e9b4550c01bcf1_01` | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | Says nothing about whether the elements of pact, sabbath, flight, and sect co-occur uniformly in the diffused text. | | `ev_falsify_0db1a8124cda_bd645783b8e9b4550c01bcf1_01` | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 0 | Concerns pre-print manuscript diffusion, not regional print density or timing of editions. | ### Causal ledger What each passage's evidence establishes about causation, from a closed vocabulary. An empty entry is the ordinary answer: most passages report an association, and saying so is a result rather than an omission. - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_01` — temporality - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_02` — temporality - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_03` — mechanism - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_04` — temporality - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_05` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_06` — temporality - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_07` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_08` — natural_experiment - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_09` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_10` — controls - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_11` — temporality - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_12` — temporality - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_13` — temporality - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_14` — temporality, mechanism - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_15` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_16` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_17` — temporality - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_18` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_19` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_20` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_21` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_23` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_01` — temporality - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_02` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_04` — mechanism - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_05` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_06` — temporality - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_07` — temporality - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_08` — temporality - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_09` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_10` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_11` — temporality - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_12` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_13` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_14` — temporality, controls - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_15` — temporality - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_16` — temporality - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_17` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_18` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_19` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_20` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_21` — temporality - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_22` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_23` — temporality - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_24` — temporality - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_26` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_27` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_01` — temporality - `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_02` — mechanism - `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_03` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_04` — temporality - `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_05` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_06` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_07` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_08` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_09` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_10` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_11` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_12` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_13` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_14` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_cd8d10389080_01` — temporality - `ev_cd8d10389080_02` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_cd8d10389080_03` — temporality, natural_experiment - `ev_cd8d10389080_04` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_cd8d10389080_05` — temporality - `ev_cd8d10389080_06` — temporality - `ev_cd8d10389080_07` — temporality - `ev_cd8d10389080_08` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_cd8d10389080_09` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_cd8d10389080_10` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_cd8d10389080_11` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_3c433a0d9296_01` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_3c433a0d9296_02` — temporality - `ev_3c433a0d9296_03` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_3c433a0d9296_04` — temporality - `ev_3c433a0d9296_05` — mechanism - `ev_3c433a0d9296_06` — temporality, dose_response - `ev_3c433a0d9296_07` — temporality, dose_response - `ev_3c433a0d9296_08` — dose_response - `ev_3c433a0d9296_09` — dose_response - `ev_3c433a0d9296_10` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_3c433a0d9296_11` — temporality, dose_response, natural_experiment - `ev_3c433a0d9296_12` — natural_experiment - `ev_3c433a0d9296_13` — temporality - `ev_3c433a0d9296_14` — mechanism - `ev_3c433a0d9296_15` — natural_experiment - `ev_3c433a0d9296_16` — controls - `ev_3c433a0d9296_17` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_01` — temporality - `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_02` — temporality - `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_03` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_04` — no causal criterion named; association only - `ev_falsify_0db1a8124cda_bd645783b8e9b4550c01bcf1_01` — temporality And what each finding claims of it: - `fnd_92d91b3e07896cef_00` — not a causal claim - `fnd_8fa7fc2a016fbf9b_01` — not a causal claim - `fnd_69e203557b1a06a9_02` — mechanism, temporality, natural_experiment - `fnd_cd71831a5edf8472_03` — not a causal claim - `fnd_93d2c71d3b4ba015_04` — not a causal claim - `fnd_35199f227d7392d3_05` — temporality, dose_response, mechanism - `fnd_70d1a957731c9de8_06` — not a causal claim - `fnd_f69d8b2ac222f423_07` — temporality, dose_response, natural_experiment - `fnd_ca892ed350d6bb5e_08` — not a causal claim - `fnd_272e96b036d15458_09` — not a causal claim - `fnd_80356bfcf61b8507_10` — mechanism - `fnd_e1ce00be27fadbab_11` — temporality - `fnd_b90b348392dca983_12` — not a causal claim - `fnd_e10e4d351e477b43_13` — not a causal claim - `fnd_2070ee2b4814edfa_14` — not a causal claim - `fnd_5cf96ebcf89846c4_15` — not a causal claim - `fnd_4665a6e2a3952071_00` — not a causal claim - `fnd_9e88f592f2a30663_01` — not a causal claim - `fnd_0d27e4fc98004ee0_02` — not a causal claim ## 11. Conclusions There is **no run-level verdict** in this run's state — no field holds one — and this renderer does not invent one. What follows is what the run recorded, each claim carrying the kind of claim it is. *This run does not record which stage minted each finding.* `ResearchState.findings` is a single tuple with no stage marker, so a reloaded run cannot separate the synthesis from the later gaps sweep. The split between this section and §14 therefore rests on each finding's own status, which is a property of the claim, not on which stage produced it. ### What the run recorded - `fnd_92d91b3e07896cef_00` [observed] Taken together, the evidence favours H2 over the strong form of H1 at the level of individual elements: every component of the cumulative concept is attested outside and before the 1420s-1430s Western Alps — night flight and the Diana/Herodias train in tenth-century canon law, the implicit demonic pact as a 1398 Paris university ruling, sect/conspiracy tropes (secret meetings, orgies, infanticide) transferred from earlier heresy prosecutions, the inquisitorial habit of inferring heresy from almost any magical practice already criticised in 1258, and wholesale secular witch prosecutions at Berne around 1400. H1's falsifier is therefore met element-by-element, and the Alpine trials cannot have invented the parts. Cites `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_01`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_02`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_03`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_04`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_06`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_01`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_02`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_04`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_05`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_07`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_03`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_04`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_01`. - `fnd_8fa7fc2a016fbf9b_01` [inferred] A weakened H1 nonetheless survives and is the better reading of the operational record: what is distinctively Alpine is not the invention of elements but their first assembly into a systematic, mass-casualty prosecution programme — Valais 1428 with 200+ executions and a '700-strong' conspiracy, Briançon 1437, Fründ's bundling of pact, devil-tribute, avoidance of mass and confession, salved chairs and nocturnal sabbath, and the collection of Valais/Vaud/Savoy proceedings by the theologians from whom Nider's Formicarius was composed. The distinction that reconciles H1 and H2 is between element genealogy (diffuse, centuries deep) and procedural fusion at scale (concentrated, Alpine, 1420s-1430s). Cites `ev_cd8d10389080_01`, `ev_cd8d10389080_02`, `ev_cd8d10389080_04`, `ev_cd8d10389080_05`, `ev_cd8d10389080_06`, `ev_cd8d10389080_07`, `ev_cd8d10389080_11`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_06`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_11`. - `fnd_69e203557b1a06a9_02` [inferred] The grafting mechanism H1 posits is itself supported as causal, independently of where it first fired: heresy-prosecution machinery supplied both the conspiratorial content (crimes formerly charged against heretical sects projected onto witches, French witchcraft even labelled 'Vauderie' by confusion with Waldensians) and the institutional capacity, since the Lausanne inquisition that prosecuted the Alpine cases existed because of the Fribourg Waldensian campaigns of 1399-1430 and preceded the witch trials it then conducted. Cites `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_03`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_04`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_04`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_05`, `ev_cd8d10389080_03`. Causal claim, on: mechanism, temporality, natural_experiment. - `fnd_cd71831a5edf8472_03` [inferred] Where the origin evidence conflicts, the disagreement tracks the unit being traced rather than the facts: motif-genealogies (Diana flight, pact doctrine, heresy tropes) yield many independent strands and support H2, while text- and campaign-genealogies yield single lineages and support H1 — the Errores Gazariorum is traced from one origin point in the Aosta Valley to French Switzerland, Basel and the Palatinate where it was translated, and Valais 1428 is framed as the first systematic campaign in a region where only occasional burnings had occurred. H2's falsifier (a single traceable lineage) is partially met for the text; it is not met for the ideas the text assembles. Cites `ev_falsify_0db1a8124cda_bd645783b8e9b4550c01bcf1_01`, `ev_cd8d10389080_05`, `ev_cd8d10389080_06`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_01`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_06`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_01`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_12`. - `fnd_93d2c71d3b4ba015_04` [observed] H3 is the worst-supported hypothesis in this ledger and is close to falsified on its own terms: mass prosecutions with full sect framing ran at Valais (1428-1434) and Briançon (1437) decades before any press, hunts were already rising in Switzerland and southern France in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, Kramer secured convictions and executions at Ravensburg in 1484 before publishing, the 1484 bull 'enacted nothing new' and its immediate effects are judged exaggerated, the Malleus itself is said to have contained nothing Nider had not written ~50 years earlier, and the European peak (1560-1660; southwest Germany 1561-1670) lags 1486-87 by 70+ years with a ~54-year edition lull in between. Cites `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_06`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_12`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_13`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_13`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_08`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_16`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_11`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_02`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_06`. - `fnd_35199f227d7392d3_05` [inferred] The residual print effect that does survive is an accelerant effect of the H6 type, not an initiating one: the rate at which cities took up witch-hunting rose after the manuals appeared, the association is lag-dependent (absent at short lags, present once editions had time to percolate), the odds of a city's first trial rise ~29.7% moving edition-density in the prior decade from the mean to one SD above it, and documented procedural uptake exists (Nuremberg's council consulting the book in 1489; Trier authorities in the early 1580s using it explicitly to justify and conduct trials). This meets H4's falsifier only in the weak sense of specifically elevated onset probability, not in the strong sense of print initiating prosecution. Cites `ev_3c433a0d9296_06`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_07`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_08`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_04`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_05`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_14`. Causal claim, on: temporality, dose_response, mechanism. - `fnd_70d1a957731c9de8_06` [inferred] The sharpest internal conflict is between the dose-response edition result and the place-of-printing result: only five of the nine Malleus-printing cities had trials at all, three of those none after 1489, and one none on record — a near-null at the point of densest supply. What distinguishes them is the exposure variable, not the data: printing location measures production, while edition-count-in-prior-decade plus network position measures circulation and reading, and the same study warns that apparent spatial effects may be artefacts of unmeasured diffusion. The accelerant claim therefore holds for circulation-exposure and fails for production-location. Cites `ev_3c433a0d9296_15`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_08`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_09`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_16`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_03`. - `fnd_f69d8b2ac222f423_07` [inferred] Non-print drivers out-perform print wherever the two can be separated, which is the core of H4 and the condition under which H6 degrades to it: trials spread by neighbourhood-specific social reinforcement (cities closer in time and space to prior trials were likelier to hold their own), Protestant districts of Germany out-prosecuted Catholic ones despite the Malleus being a Catholic text, Hanseatic low-prosecution zones were remote from both printing and confessional frontlines (confounding the two), imperial criminal law imposed heavy witchcraft penalties in 1532 independent of demonology, sixteenth- and seventeenth-century trials were mostly in secular hands as papal inquisitorial activity waned, and the authors themselves posit a latent demand for persecution preceding any print supply. Cites `ev_3c433a0d9296_11`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_17`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_10`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_14`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_15`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_12`. Causal claim, on: temporality, dose_response, natural_experiment. - `fnd_ca892ed350d6bb5e_08` [inferred] Reception, not availability, gates any print effect, which supports H6's contingency clause against H3's uniformity: the same text became a working handbook for secular courts across Europe while the Inquisition declined to use it, Spain's Inquisitor General discounted its credibility within a century and in 1538 warned members not to believe everything in it even on apparently firm evidence, Molitoris published a partial dissent within a year or two, and print equally carried the opposition (Weyer 1563, Ewich, Witekind, Scot 1584 — whose book James I had burned). Print supplied a contested menu that institutions filtered, so print density predicts prosecution only where the receiving judiciary was disposed to adopt it. Cites `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_08`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_09`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_10`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_13`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_21`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_22`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_15`. - `fnd_272e96b036d15458_09` [observed] H5 is supported at the level of practice and resisted at the level of elite doctrine, and this is the clean discriminator between the conflicting passages. Practice documents show partial menus: the 1484 bull enumerates almost only maleficium (crops, herds, fertility, apostasy) with no sabbath, flight or sect; Valais confessions list lameness, madness and infanticide; Leuk's 1428 procedure allowed arrest on the slander of three or four neighbours; Valais victims were two-thirds male against the later female-dominated pattern, and Russia ran three-quarters male against Ukraine's ~80% female; Le Franc and other writers rejected flight as lacking common sense while accepting demon-conjuring, and courts could execute regardless of whether they believed in flight; in English usage 'witch' and 'wise woman' were interchangeable. Doctrinal texts, by contrast, present integration: flight supporting sabbath assembly, the Malleus as one structured treatise on reality, nature and procedure, pact-plus-conspiracy as an 'elaborated' concept. Cites `ev_2f8dc261b4d3_01`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_09`, `ev_cd8d10389080_10`, `ev_cd8d10389080_09`, `ev_cd8d10389080_08`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_19`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_20`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_05`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_06`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_12`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_14`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_16`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_02`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_10`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_17`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_11`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_05`. - `fnd_80356bfcf61b8507_10` [inferred] Where the full four-element package does appear in testimony it is interrogator-shaped rather than spontaneous, which explains why H5's falsifier is so hard to meet: the two elderly women confessing sabbath attendance, devil-worship, indecency and infant-eating did so after repeated torture, and the most thorough study of flight-ointment accounts finds such references rarely in voluntary testimony but overwhelmingly in material that authorities recorded and reshaped. The cumulative concept is therefore best read as a property of learned interrogation procedure that co-varies with torture and trained demonological experts, not as a uniformly held popular or judicial doctrine. Cites `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_26`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_09`, `ev_6f6d43b76b0d_13`, `ev_3c433a0d9296_14`, `ev_cd8d10389080_01`. Causal claim, on: mechanism. - `fnd_e1ce00be27fadbab_11` [inferred] The decline is governed by legal and procedural change with no corresponding print variable: Louis XIV's 1682 prohibition and moderate 1687 edict were followed by a rapid fall in accusations and condemnations, Britain ended trials by statute in 1736, Poland-Lithuania stopped in 1776 a year after the Russian ban, torture was abolished piecemeal (Prussia 1754, Bavaria 1807, Hanover 1822), and trials persisted into 1749 at Würzburg and 1783 at Glarus long after peak demonological output. Symmetry of explanation therefore favours H4: if institutional change ends the hunts, institutional change is the better candidate for driving them. Cites `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_17`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_21`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_23`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_24`. Causal claim, on: temporality. - `fnd_b90b348392dca983_12` [observed] H6's low-print arm is untested in this ledger: the only non-German datapoints are bare tallies (Scotland ~3400 deaths over two centuries; disputed English figures of 3000 versus 30000; Osnabrück 121 in three months, Wolfenbüttel ten in a day) with no accompanying print-penetration measure, and the aggregate European estimates (60,000, 100,000, 40,000 deaths) carry no regional breakdown. Nothing here establishes that Mediterranean or Eastern European prosecutions were of 'markedly different character and lower intensity' because of low print penetration rather than because of judicial structure. Cites `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_20`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_19`, `ev_6bd260b6d6e9_18`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_23`, `ev_f5dbd2fc84de_21`. - `fnd_5cf96ebcf89846c4_15` [hypothesized] A mechanism that would reconcile the dose-response onset result with the null at printing cities and with the Protestant-over-Catholic gradient: print mattered chiefly by qualifying a mobile class of demonological experts whose circuit, not the presses' location, determined where cumulative-concept trials began — predicting that trial onset should track expert itineraries and jurist training, with edition density acting only as a proxy for exposure to that training. ### How the explanations stood at the end In the roster's own order, deliberately not sorted by any summed score. | Explanation | ++ | + | 0 | - | -- | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | `H1_alpine_origin` | 0 | 16 | 70 | 8 | 0 | | `H2_diffuse_formation` | 2 | 30 | 59 | 3 | 0 | | `H3_print_causal` | 0 | 11 | 49 | 30 | 4 | | `H4_print_disseminative_only` | 2 | 54 | 28 | 10 | 0 | | `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon` | 0 | 26 | 59 | 9 | 0 | | `H6_print_regional_accelerant` | 1 | 13 | 69 | 11 | 0 | ## 12. Confidence Assessment Every level below is **computed** from this run's own ledger: how many passages back the finding, how many distinct *origins* those passages trace to, and whether the counter-search came back holding anything. **No stage was asked for this label**, and no model typed one. Origins rather than hosts, because four hundred sites paraphrasing one blog post are one source; and a source whose provenance could not be established never raises a level, since unknown provenance is unknown independence. A finding that cites nothing reads `unknown`. That is the honest result and not a missing measurement: **nothing in this run backs it** yet. | Finding | Level | What that is counted from | |---|---|---| | `fnd_92d91b3e07896cef_00` | unknown | 13 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found; 3 source(s) could not be traced to an origin. | | `fnd_8fa7fc2a016fbf9b_01` | unknown | 9 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found; 2 source(s) could not be traced to an origin. | | `fnd_69e203557b1a06a9_02` | unknown | 5 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found; 3 source(s) could not be traced to an origin. | | `fnd_cd71831a5edf8472_03` | unknown | 7 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found; 4 source(s) could not be traced to an origin. | | `fnd_93d2c71d3b4ba015_04` | unknown | 9 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found; 3 source(s) could not be traced to an origin. | | `fnd_35199f227d7392d3_05` | unknown | 6 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found; 1 source(s) could not be traced to an origin. | | `fnd_70d1a957731c9de8_06` | unknown | 5 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found; 1 source(s) could not be traced to an origin. | | `fnd_f69d8b2ac222f423_07` | unknown | 6 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found; 3 source(s) could not be traced to an origin. | | `fnd_ca892ed350d6bb5e_08` | unknown | 7 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found; 2 source(s) could not be traced to an origin. | | `fnd_272e96b036d15458_09` | unknown | 17 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found; 6 source(s) could not be traced to an origin. | | `fnd_80356bfcf61b8507_10` | unknown | 5 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found; 4 source(s) could not be traced to an origin. | | `fnd_e1ce00be27fadbab_11` | unknown | 4 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found; 2 source(s) could not be traced to an origin. | | `fnd_b90b348392dca983_12` | unknown | 5 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found; 2 source(s) could not be traced to an origin. | | `fnd_e10e4d351e477b43_13` | unknown | 0 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found. | | `fnd_2070ee2b4814edfa_14` | unknown | 0 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found. | | `fnd_5cf96ebcf89846c4_15` | unknown | 0 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found. | | `fnd_4665a6e2a3952071_00` | unknown | 0 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found. | | `fnd_9e88f592f2a30663_01` | unknown | 0 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found. | | `fnd_0d27e4fc98004ee0_02` | unknown | 0 passage(s) tracing to 0 distinct origin(s); counter-evidence was found. | ## 13. Limitations ### Audit measurements Counted from the ledger rather than answered by a model, and printed even when the result is zero. Provenance tracing and primary-data classification are separate measurements: reaching an upstream origin does not make a source primary data, and a primary-data source can still have unresolved provenance. - Origin tracing: 0/11 snapshot(s) reached an upstream origin (0.00%). - Primary-data share: 1/11 assessed source(s) were assigned stage 9's `primary_data` tier (9.09%). #### Distinct source families behind each asserted finding Repeated passages and several URLs from one family still count once. Unknown findings are open questions rather than conclusions, so they are not rows here. | Finding | Distinct source families | |---|---| | `fnd_92d91b3e07896cef_00` | 3 | | `fnd_8fa7fc2a016fbf9b_01` | 2 | | `fnd_69e203557b1a06a9_02` | 2 | | `fnd_cd71831a5edf8472_03` | 3 | | `fnd_93d2c71d3b4ba015_04` | 3 | | `fnd_35199f227d7392d3_05` | 1 | | `fnd_70d1a957731c9de8_06` | 1 | | `fnd_f69d8b2ac222f423_07` | 3 | | `fnd_ca892ed350d6bb5e_08` | 2 | | `fnd_272e96b036d15458_09` | 5 | | `fnd_80356bfcf61b8507_10` | 4 | | `fnd_e1ce00be27fadbab_11` | 2 | | `fnd_b90b348392dca983_12` | 2 | | `fnd_5cf96ebcf89846c4_15` | 0 | - Falsification yield: 1/8 adversarial search(es) yielded a snapshot-bound, verified counter-passage (12.50%). - Excerpt round-trip: 94/97 readable passage(s) survived the verbatim gate (96.91%); 3 were refused and 0 could not be checked. ### Attacks made on this run's own conclusions - `stp_33b5aa7257942166_00` [source_dependence] against `fnd_92d91b3e07896cef_00`: The assertion that every element of the cumulative concept was independently pre-attested relies on retroactively mapping disparate historical motifs onto modern analytical categories. It fails if: Archival examination of the 10th-century canon episcopi and the 1398 Paris decree demonstrates that contemporary legal actors treated these theological categories as fundamentally distinct offences of illusion or superstition rather than actionable legal components of heresy. - `stp_2166d48e098d28d7_01` [survivorship_bias] against `fnd_8fa7fc2a016fbf9b_01`: Attributing the procedural fusion at scale uniquely to the Alpine region in the 1420s–1430s may reflect differential record preservation across regional secular and episcopal archives rather than an Alpine operational monopoly. It fails if: Pre-1420 court records from adjacent regions (such as northern Italy, the Rhineland, or central France) reveal comparable systematic trials fusing pact, nocturnal assembly, and sect accusations that failed to enter surviving regional chronicles. - `stp_bae2e7dd03dbc668_02` [causal_overreach] against `fnd_69e203557b1a06a9_02`: Assuming the Lausanne inquisition's anti-Waldensian machinery causally enabled the witch trials mistakes temporal succession and administrative co-location for direct institutional transfer. It fails if: Personnel, procedural records, and trial dockets in Lausanne and Fribourg show that witch prosecutions were initiated and managed by secular municipal courts operating independently of the diocesan inquisitorial apparatus. - `stp_68d37f601b375166_03` [selection_bias] against `fnd_cd71831a5edf8472_03`: The neat division between multi-strand motif genealogies and single-lineage textual genealogies depends on selecting the Errores Gazariorum as the representative procedural blueprint. It fails if: Multiple unlinked textual tracts articulating the procedural synthesis emerge contemporaneously across Burgundy, the Dauphiné, and northern Italy, disproving a single-point diffusion model for the trial manual tradition. - `stp_f1e5ff13ab0dadb3_04` [confounding] against `fnd_93d2c71d3b4ba015_04`: Dismissing print technology as a driving factor based on the multi-decade lag before peak European persecutions overlooks structural and confessional transformations that may have suppressed or delayed print's catalytic effect. It fails if: Regional persecution intensity correlates closely with localized reprinting and pamphlet circulation rather than institutional statutes, showing that print acted as a latent catalyst whose efficacy was temporarily suppressed by mid-century religious warfare. - `stp_9a4c1ea4c7ee1284_05` [measurement_error] against `fnd_35199f227d7392d3_05`: Measuring print exposure by edition-density in prior decades fails to capture the actual spatial and linguistic circulation of the physical texts among judicial elites. It fails if: Inventory records from municipal and judicial libraries demonstrate that cities experiencing elevated trial onsets possessed no copies of the Malleus Maleficarum or related demonological treatises during the critical pre-trial window. - `stp_c0a1f95a6f7df688_06` [alternative_explanation] against `fnd_70d1a957731c9de8_06`: Explaining the null prosecution rate in printing cities as a distinction between production and circulation ignores local institutional resistance to inquisitorial publications. It fails if: Cities hosting major printing presses had documented high internal readership and circulation of demonological manuals, yet municipal councils consciously rejected inquisitorial trial procedures due to jurisdictional conflicts. - `stp_c63037627da7b3b1_07` [confounding] against `fnd_f69d8b2ac222f423_07`: Attributing trial distribution primarily to non-print drivers like confessional boundaries and neighbourhood reinforcement ignores that print networks directly mapped onto these exact political and geographical trade routes. It fails if: Controlling for commercial trade connectivity and postal network density eliminates the statistical significance of both spatial proximity and confessional alignment in predicting trial onset. - `stp_933a6b1ed48c9f7c_08` [selection_bias] against `fnd_ca892ed350d6bb5e_08`: Inferring that print effects were universally gated by judicial reception based on prominent dissents like the Spanish Inquisition and Reginald Scot selects for famous intellectual exceptions. It fails if: A systematic survey of secular regional magistrates across central and northern Europe shows standardized adoption of print-prescribed inquisitorial formulas irrespective of local judicial traditions. - `stp_c81b607da2350461_09` [generalizability] against `fnd_272e96b036d15458_09`: Claiming that judicial practice only involved partial menus while elite doctrine maintained an integrated cumulative concept relies on an unrepresentative sample of surviving confession fragments. It fails if: Broad multi-regional codings of secular trial transcripts reveal that ordinary indictments and interrogations routinely demanded and secured confessions encompassing pact, flight, and sect together as necessary conditions for capital sentencing. - `stp_3e3c05ad55e10ffc_10` [causal_overreach] against `fnd_80356bfcf61b8507_10`: Concluding that the four-element package was strictly interrogator-shaped via torture assumes a one-way imposition of learned demonology onto passive popular witnesses. It fails if: Undirected and non-coerced witness depositions collected prior to official judicial involvement contain detailed accounts of night flight, demonic compacts, and infant cannibalism originating directly from rural folklore. - `stp_20de98caeef2b1db_11` [alternative_explanation] against `fnd_e1ce00be27fadbab_11`: Arguing that institutional and statutory prohibitions drove the decline of witch trials mistakes formal legal codification for the underlying cultural and intellectual discrediting of demonological theory. It fails if: Trial numbers, accusations, and local judicial zeal collapsed significantly decades before formal statutory abolitions or statutory torture bans were enacted in the relevant jurisdictions. - `stp_7c46aada391d22ed_12` [measurement_error] against `fnd_b90b348392dca983_12`: Treating low persecution intensity in the Mediterranean as an unverified print artifact ignores existing quantitative scholarship on Iberian and Italian judicial record-keeping. It fails if: Archival documentation confirms high print availability and circulation of demonological treatises in Castile and Venice alongside persistently low trial and execution rates under rigorous appellate review. - `stp_9fd7fdc5b212346c_13` [causal_overreach] against `fnd_5cf96ebcf89846c4_15`: Hypothesizing that mobile demonological experts drove trial onsets relies on a few high-profile inquisitorial biographies rather than systematic jurist movement patterns. It fails if: Spatial analysis reveals that regional trial waves initiated and spread across municipal courts without the presence, consultation, or prior university training of identifiable demonological specialists. ### Saturation Measured, never judged. This pipeline retrieves exactly twice, so the only comparison available is round 1 alone against both rounds combined. Source exhaustion and information exhaustion are different things, and this measures the first. - Round 1 found 6 source family(ies). - Round 2 found 3, of which 3 were new. - New-family share of round 2: 1.00. - Explanations whose counts moved when round 2 was added: `H1_alpine_origin`, `H2_diffuse_formation`, `H3_print_causal`, `H4_print_disseminative_only`, `H5_concept_overstated_weak_phenomenon`, `H6_print_regional_accelerant`. - Saturated by idea.md's rule: no. ### What the sources do not state - `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` does not state: No named author or byline; no formal editorial review process beyond open collaborative editing; the article does not state verification procedures for its many citations. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The article explicitly warns that it 'may incorporate text from a large language model' and 'may include hallucinated information, copyright violations, claims not verified in cited sources, original research, or fictitious references,' meaning its sweeping historical claims may exceed or misrepresent the cited evidentiary basis. - `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` does not state: No peer review process is described; no methodology for weighing conflicting historical sources is detailed; funding, editorial independence, and selection criteria for which sources to cite are not addressed. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The article draws sweeping conclusions about the 'reality' of witchcraft and the scale of persecution partly from disputed, unverified execution tallies and from theological reasoning about Scripture, while acknowledging in places (e.g., 'impossible to form any safe estimate') that the underlying evidence is uncertain. - `src_e9761ff6313aeff7c3f127ff` does not state: No full bibliography, no systematic sampling method for texts, no peer-review status of the article itself, no funding source, no methodology for selecting which texts to discuss. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The piece draws broad conclusions about medieval attitudes toward flying witches from a small, illustratively chosen set of texts rather than a comprehensive survey, so the generalizations exceed the explicitly cited evidence. - `src_c0144672df4e1e6edc3c5579` does not state: The article does not identify its own author(s), does not state any editorial review process, and does not disclose funding or conflicts of interest for the Wikipedia entry itself. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The article presents specific figures ('700' conspirators, '200+' burned) drawn from a single 15th-century chronicler's account as if broadly reliable, while itself noting the actual number of victims is unknown—its narrative framing is more confident than the underlying primary source warrants. - `src_441bf6fd7fb9f96d013c91e4` does not state: Specific funding sources/grants are not stated; data on number of copies or actual readership/distribution of Malleus is not available (acknowledged limitation); rural/small-town persecution is excluded from the dataset. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The authors themselves note that distance-to-printing is a 'rudimentary proxy' for idea exposure, that the printing effect size is 'modest,' and acknowledge endogeneity concerns between demand and supply of persecution, tempering the causal strength of their diffusion claims relative to the broad theoretical framework proposed. - `src_59bd2e3f651c2215831c60f4` does not state: The page does not state provenance verification for this transcription beyond noting 'This work is not backed by a scanned copy'; editorial/proofreading process, translator credentials beyond naming Burr, and chain of custody for the Latin original are not detailed. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The source itself draws conclusions about widespread heretical witchcraft based on unspecified reports ('it has recently come to our ears'), with no stated evidentiary basis, investigation method, or named accusers/witnesses given in the text. - `src_9e96e145f2e1dab786021ca8` does not state: Does not state peer-review process details, revision history specifics beyond noting 'substantive revision,' or any funding/grant acknowledgments. Does not disclose author's institutional affiliation within the text itself. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The entry's interpretive conclusions about Agrippa's 'internal coherence' and unifying 'cultural and religious project' go beyond what the textual evidence conclusively demonstrates, since the author acknowledges ongoing scholarly disagreement (e.g., Popkin vs. Keefer vs. Zambelli) about how to interpret the same textual record. - `src_c2cb2334eb68c968dc6a7988` does not state: No funding, no conflicts of interest, no statistical methodology, no peer-review process explicitly described for this specific article, and no justification for why the Fournier sample size (18) is representative beyond stated selection criteria. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The author explicitly notes the Fournier analysis is a 'report of a work in progress' based on a partial, non-random sample, while conclusions are framed comparatively across both full court registers; conclusions about Fournier's court practices rest on a subset, not the complete register. - `src_20bdfe28ac344c36b6e3271e` does not state: No methodology section, data collection process, funding, or conflict-of-interest disclosures are given; only an abstract is available, with full paper retrievable via API. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The abstract asserts specific transmission paths and connections to the Council of Basel and persecution sites as established facts, but no evidentiary basis (manuscript evidence, citations) is shown in the available text to support these claims. - `src_e676d6053cfbefcfc2d0e23d` does not state: The actual content, arguments, evidence, and methodology of the Kieckhefer publication are entirely absent; this page is a search-engine metadata listing, not the source itself. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The page makes no claims or conclusions of its own beyond bibliographic metadata, so there is no stated conclusion to compare against evidence. - `src_91db37b7ca0b8a3774f4b03c` does not state: No explanation of how underlying primary sources compiled their counts, no discussion of record completeness or bias, no funding or author affiliation, and no analysis of why rates vary so widely between regions. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The compilation presents cross-regional comparative tables implying broad comparability, but the underlying regions differ vastly in legal system, record-keeping, and time span, which the source does not address. ### Provenance not established - 11 source(s) could not be traced to an origin. *This run does not record how each source's provenance was resolved.* Only the resulting origin id reaches canonical state, so this document **cannot tell an original source from an untraced one**: both arrive holding no origin, and unknown provenance is unknown independence. ### Explanations no observation could settle *This run holds no self-sealing explanations.* ### What the question assumed - The prior run's estimate of roughly 40,000-60,000 executions across 1450-1750 is accepted as background scope without re-derivation here. - The cumulative witch concept (pact, sabbath, night flight, sect) is treated as analytically distinct from, and later than, maleficium-only prosecutions, consistent with the reviewer's framing. - Canon Episcopi's classification of night flight as illusion is treated as the baseline position subsequently reversed by 15th-century demonological writers, rather than as one view among many coexisting continuously. - Peak prosecution decades (c.1560-1630) are treated as a meaningful empirical benchmark against which the timing of print causation (post-1486) can be tested. - Claims found to be unverifiable from available primary or secondary evidence will be flagged as such rather than resolved by inference. ### What this document cannot say *This run does not record any pre-registered probe.* *This run does not record whether any reviewer approved any gate.* *This run does not record its own cost or wall-clock time.* The gate record and the budget counters live in the console and are not carried by canonical state, so nothing in this document is a claim that a person reviewed any step of this run. One more, about this page rather than about the run. No URL written by a model is a link here: a source's address is printed as text beside the digest of the bytes that were actually stored, because a clickable target is a claim that the address resolves to what the run read, and nothing checked that. An email address typed into a recorded fact is the single exception a markdown reader may still turn into a link on its own, and it is not one this renderer can suppress without altering the text it was given. ## 14. Open Questions *This run does not record which stage minted each finding.* As in §11: the split between a conclusion and a gap rests on each finding's own status, because state carries no marker for which stage minted it. ### Findings this run could not settle - `fnd_e10e4d351e477b43_13` Whether the regional print association survives joint adjustment for confessional conflict, judicial structure and network centrality — the condition on which H6 stands or collapses into H4 — cannot be settled from what is here. Would be settled by: A multivariate or matched analysis of Central European cities entering edition-density, distance to confessional frontlines, torture/appellate procedure and eigenvector centrality simultaneously, reporting whether the edition-density coefficient on first-trial odds retains significance after adjustment. - `fnd_2070ee2b4814edfa_14` Whether a substantial majority of trials across regions and the full 1450-1750 span actually combined pact, sabbath, flight and sect — H5's stated falsifier — cannot be adjudicated from this ledger, which offers aggregate death tolls, isolated confessions and doctrinal summaries but no element-level coding. Would be settled by: A coded sample of surviving trial dossiers stratified by region and half-century recording, per case, the presence or absence of each of the four elements, plus counts of cases proceeding on maleficium alone. - `fnd_4665a6e2a3952071_00` Whether the mobile-expert mechanism (trained demonologists/jurists whose circuits, not press locations, drove trial onset) actually accounts for the observed dose-response/onset pattern and the near-null at Malleus-printing cities remains untested by anything in this ledger. Would be settled by: Biographical and itinerary records for named witch-hunting experts (e.g., Institoris, Binsfeld, Rémy, Fründ-era commissioners) cross-referenced against trial-onset dates and locations across multiple territories, to test whether documented expert presence predicts first trials better than edition density or network centrality alone. - `fnd_9e88f592f2a30663_01` Whether the Lausanne inquisitorial apparatus built out of the 1399-1430 Fribourg Waldensian persecution was causally necessary for the Valais/Briançon witch trials, or merely a coincidental temporal precursor, is not settled here. Would be settled by: Comparative cases: regions that developed comparable heresy-inquisition infrastructure in the same period but did not subsequently produce witch trials, and/or regions that produced comparable witch trials without any prior heresy-inquisition apparatus, to test necessity rather than mere sequence. - `fnd_0d27e4fc98004ee0_02` Whether the shift from a two-thirds-male accused population at Valais (1428-1434) to the later female-dominated European pattern reflects an internal change in the cumulative concept's content and application, or a separate and unrelated social/demographic dynamic, is unresolved. Would be settled by: Gender-coded trial records tracing the male-to-female transition region by region and decade by decade between the 1430s Alpine trials and the 1560-1660 European peak, cross-referenced with which cumulative-concept elements (pact, sabbath, flight, sect) were charged in each case. ### Explanations nothing has weighed A live explanation no passage declared a bearing on. This is not the same as an explanation every passage found non-discriminating, which is a finding. *This run holds no explanations nothing has weighed.* ### Parts of the question no passage answers - `SQ15` — What disagreements exist among historians over whether print was a necessary/sufficient cause, mere accelerant, or simply a disseminator of an already-circulating concept, and what evidence do proponents of each position cite? ### Ambiguities the question recorded - Whether 'cause' in the print-causation question should be read as necessary condition, sufficient condition, accelerant, or merely correlated timing—different readings yield different evidentiary standards and potentially different answers. - Whether the 1420s-30s Alpine trials and the Errores Gazariorum should be treated as the point of origin of the cumulative concept or as one node in a longer, more diffuse formation process also involving earlier heresy-inquisition discourse (Waldensian/Vauderie prosecutions) and classical/folkloric antecedents. - Whether 'use of the Malleus by courts' requires explicit citation in trial records versus looser evidence such as a judge's known possession of the text or regional correlation between editions and prosecution intensity. - How to treat the gender share of the accused (predominantly but not universally women) as either a datum to be explained by the cumulative concept itself or as an independent variable to be tested against the print-causation hypothesis. - Whether 'spread' should be understood geographically (new regions adopting the concept) or temporally (concept persisting/intensifying in regions that already had it), since the evidence base differs for each. ## 15. Sources *This run does not record which query found each source.* Retrieval keeps no link from a search to the sources it returned, and this renderer will not invent one; §4's searches and the list below cannot be joined by anything in this document. ### Snapshotted sources Bytes were fetched, hashed and stored for each of these. Only these can support a claim. #### `src_478153eddce5514a62612a7c` — European witchcraft - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft` - Retrieval round: 1. - Source family: `web:en.wikipedia.org`. - Origin: not established. - Snapshot digest: `f5dbd2fc84de2b64332cb26f884ccecc69e3cc84e7d904136a6d24e463ed0c85` - Fetched at: 2026-10-10T01:10:19.330226+00:00 - Venue: not recorded. - Authors: not recorded - Published: not recorded - Retracted: no. - Assessed tier: `unsupported`. - What was studied: The article surveys the history and concept of witchcraft belief and persecution in Europe from antiquity through the 21st century, covering legal codes, trials, academic theories (witch-cult hypothesis, Wicca), and hallucinogen use theories. - Data collection: No original data collection; the article compiles summaries and quotations from secondary and tertiary historical/academic sources, citing named historians (e.g., Hutton, Pócs, Davies) via footnotes. - Sample: Not a sample-based study; it references trial records, legal codes, and scholarly works across many countries and centuries without a defined dataset. - Controls: Not applicable; no experimental or controlled methodology is stated. - Statistical approach: Some numeric estimates (e.g., '110,000 witchcraft trials', '40,000-100,000 executions') are cited from other scholars' estimates, but no statistical methodology of the article itself is described. - Funding: Not stated. As a Wikipedia article, no funding source is declared. - Conflicts of interest: Not stated directly, but the page carries an explicit editorial notice that portions may have been generated or altered by an undisclosed AI-assisted editor, a disclosed conflict with Wikipedia's content policies. - Does not state: No named author or byline; no formal editorial review process beyond open collaborative editing; the article does not state verification procedures for its many citations. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The article explicitly warns that it 'may incorporate text from a large language model' and 'may include hallucinated information, copyright violations, claims not verified in cited sources, original research, or fictitious references,' meaning its sweeping historical claims may exceed or misrepresent the cited evidentiary basis. #### `src_7179547a82b4469dd6f87b14` — CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Witchcraft - URL: `https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm` - Retrieval round: 1. - Source family: `web:newadvent.org`. - Origin: not established. - Snapshot digest: `6bd260b6d6e9149b61f83f26337ac79b558cef86c348bc49018b59a3e614ed0b` - Fetched at: 2026-10-10T01:10:19.733172+00:00 - Venue: not recorded. - Authors: not recorded - Published: not recorded - Retracted: no. - Assessed tier: `expert_analysis`. - What was studied: The history of witchcraft belief and persecution, from ancient Egypt/Babylonia through the Reformation-era witch trials, including Church and secular legal responses and the question of witchcraft's 'reality.' - Data collection: Historical-critical review of primary sources (Scripture, conciliar canons, papal bulls, trial records, confession manuals, contemporary treatises like the Malleus Maleficarum) and secondary scholarship, synthesized narratively by the author. - Sample: Not a sample in the empirical sense; draws on a broad range of named historical documents, trial accounts, and secondary historiography spanning roughly 2000 BC to the 19th century. - Controls: None stated; this is a historical-theological synthesis, not an experiment or controlled study. - Statistical approach: None; occasional citation of disputed execution-count estimates (e.g., 3,000–30,000 in England, 3,400 in Scotland) drawn from other authors, without independent verification or statistical method. - Funding: Not stated. - Conflicts of interest: Author is a Jesuit priest writing within a Catholic reference work bearing ecclesiastical approbation (Nihil Obstat, Imprimatur), indicating institutional and doctrinal alignment with the Catholic Church. - Does not state: No peer review process is described; no methodology for weighing conflicting historical sources is detailed; funding, editorial independence, and selection criteria for which sources to cite are not addressed. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The article draws sweeping conclusions about the 'reality' of witchcraft and the scale of persecution partly from disputed, unverified execution tallies and from theological reasoning about Scripture, while acknowledging in places (e.g., 'impossible to form any safe estimate') that the underlying evidence is uncertain. #### `src_e9761ff6313aeff7c3f127ff` — Can witches fly? A historian unpacks the medieval invention − and skepticism − of the witch on a broomstick - URL: `https://theconversation.com/can-witches-fly-a-historian-unpacks-the-medieval-invention-and-skepticism-of-the-witch-on-a-broomstick-222472` - Retrieval round: 1. - Source family: `web:theconversation.com`. - Origin: not established. - Snapshot digest: `6f6d43b76b0d0121311eca2195463f0a1db4096f299816ea95be45998b1b9907` - Fetched at: 2026-10-10T01:10:19.887951+00:00 - Venue: not recorded. - Authors: Michael D. Bailey - Published: 2024-03-05 - Retracted: no. - Assessed tier: `expert_analysis`. - What was studied: Medieval European texts (early 1400s) describing flying witches, their origins, and the skepticism some authorities expressed toward the idea, plus a 10th-century church law on similar claims. - Data collection: The author, a historian, reports having 'researched texts describing witchcraft in the early 1400s,' citing manuscripts like 'Le champion des dames' and unnamed other period texts and church law. - Sample: A handful of named and unnamed primary texts from the 1400s and one 10th-century church law; no systematic count or list given. - Controls: None stated; this is historical textual analysis, not a controlled study. - Statistical approach: None stated; no quantitative or statistical methods are used. - Funding: Not stated. - Conflicts of interest: Author discloses no funding, consulting, or ownership ties to any benefiting organization; only academic appointment at Iowa State University noted. - Does not state: No full bibliography, no systematic sampling method for texts, no peer-review status of the article itself, no funding source, no methodology for selecting which texts to discuss. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The piece draws broad conclusions about medieval attitudes toward flying witches from a small, illustratively chosen set of texts rather than a comprehensive survey, so the generalizations exceed the explicitly cited evidence. #### `src_c0144672df4e1e6edc3c5579` — Valais witch trials - URL: `https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valais_witch_trials` - Retrieval round: 1. - Source family: `web:en.wikipedia.org`. - Origin: not established. - Snapshot digest: `cd8d10389080a076440bfa78ff3830341d64622fd249ea2036feec53b2a32a13` - Fetched at: 2026-10-10T01:10:19.987290+00:00 - Venue: not recorded. - Authors: not recorded - Published: not recorded - Retracted: no. - Assessed tier: `industry_commentary`. - What was studied: The 1428–1434/6 witch-hunt and trials in the Valais region, their origins, spread, procedures, accusations, and later historiographical reception. - Data collection: Compiled from historical chronicles (notably Johannes Fründ's c.1430 account), court proclamations, and secondary scholarly works (Modestin, Ostorero et al., Maxwell-Stuart, Behringer) cited in footnotes. - Sample: No sample in a research sense; covers documented trials across Lower and Upper Valais over roughly six to eight years, with victim numbers described as 'hundreds' and Fründ's figure of '700' accused, '200' burned. - Controls: Not applicable; this is a historical narrative synthesis, not an experiment or controlled study. - Statistical approach: None; victim counts are quoted from a primary chronicler's claims (e.g., Fründ's figures) without independent statistical verification, and the article notes the true number is unknown. - Funding: Not stated. - Conflicts of interest: Not stated; no authorship or institutional affiliation disclosed beyond being a collaboratively edited Wikipedia article citing named historians. - Does not state: The article does not identify its own author(s), does not state any editorial review process, and does not disclose funding or conflicts of interest for the Wikipedia entry itself. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The article presents specific figures ('700' conspirators, '200+' burned) drawn from a single 15th-century chronicler's account as if broadly reliable, while itself noting the actual number of victims is unknown—its narrative framing is more confident than the underlying primary source warrants. #### `src_441bf6fd7fb9f96d013c91e4` — Ideational diffusion and the great witch hunt in Central Europe | Theory and Society | Springer Nature Link - URL: `https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-024-09576-1` - Retrieval round: 1. - Source family: `web:link.springer.com`. - Origin: not established. - Snapshot digest: `3c433a0d9296bf405cc76c17f0a9a738fc28f23b1649065662acaac34d8425d0` - Fetched at: 2026-10-10T01:10:21.571039+00:00 - Venue: not recorded. - Authors: not recorded - Published: 2024-09-27 - Retracted: no. - Assessed tier: `peer_reviewed`. - What was studied: Diffusion of witch trials across 553 Central European (Holy Roman Empire) cities, 1400-1679/1650, testing whether printing of demonological texts (Malleus maleficarum), proximity to prior trials, and trade-network centrality predict onset of witch trials. - Data collection: Compiled dataset combining city population/network data (Becker et al. 2023), witch trial records (Leeson and Russ 2017), Malleus/demonological text editions from the Universal Short Title Catalogue, climate reprojections (CCSM4.0), religious battle data, and governmental status sources (Jacob 2010; Pagel 1994; Cheney 1996). - Sample: 553 cities in the de jure Holy Roman Empire with population 2,000+, observed as 125,163 city-years from 1400-1679 (models restricted to 1400-1650); about one quarter of cities held at least one witch trial. - Controls: Controls include confessional/religious battle exposure, climate deviation (temperature/precipitation relative to 60-year local baseline), free/imperial city status, Hanseatic League membership, bishopric seat status, and a dummy for geographic coverage bias (Rhineland overrepresentation); population excluded due to collinearity with network centrality. - Statistical approach: Hierarchical (city-pooled random intercepts) Bayesian logistic regression (zero-inflated binary outcome) via MCMC using brms in R, with Student's t priors, 4 chains, 4000 iterations, 89% credibility intervals; robustness checks with varied time lags and alternative specifications in appendix. - Funding: Not stated in the provided text. - Conflicts of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest. - Does not state: Specific funding sources/grants are not stated; data on number of copies or actual readership/distribution of Malleus is not available (acknowledged limitation); rural/small-town persecution is excluded from the dataset. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The authors themselves note that distance-to-printing is a 'rudimentary proxy' for idea exposure, that the printing effect size is 'modest,' and acknowledge endogeneity concerns between demand and supply of persecution, tempering the causal strength of their diffusion claims relative to the broad theoretical framework proposed. #### `src_59bd2e3f651c2215831c60f4` — Summis desiderantes - Wikisource, the free online library - URL: `https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Summis_desiderantes` - Retrieval round: 1. - Source family: `web:en.wikisource.org`. - Origin: not established. - Snapshot digest: `2f8dc261b4d378c5e3fd9911af97a782a39c797e4cfd6cff69b80ac6eecf950c` - Fetched at: 2026-10-10T01:10:22.318241+00:00 - Venue: not recorded. - Authors: not recorded - Published: 2004-05-19 - Retracted: no. - Assessed tier: `primary_data`. - What was studied: Not a study; this is the primary text of a 1484 papal bull by Innocent VIII authorizing inquisitors Institoris and Sprenger to pursue alleged witchcraft in parts of Germany, transcribed/translated and hosted on Wikisource. - Data collection: The document itself is the primary historical record (a papal bull text), reproduced from George Lincoln Burr's 1907 translation collection; no data collection process applies. - Sample: Not applicable; this is a single textual artifact, not a study with a sample. - Controls: Not applicable; no empirical controls are described, as this is a legal/religious decree, not research. - Statistical approach: None stated; no statistical methods are used or applicable to a papal bull. - Funding: Not stated. - Conflicts of interest: Not stated. The bull itself is an act of the issuing authority (the Pope) authorizing specific inquisitors, which is inherent to its nature as a decree, not a disclosed conflict. - Does not state: The page does not state provenance verification for this transcription beyond noting 'This work is not backed by a scanned copy'; editorial/proofreading process, translator credentials beyond naming Burr, and chain of custody for the Latin original are not detailed. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The source itself draws conclusions about widespread heretical witchcraft based on unspecified reports ('it has recently come to our ears'), with no stated evidentiary basis, investigation method, or named accusers/witnesses given in the text. #### `src_9e96e145f2e1dab786021ca8` — Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) - URL: `https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/agrippa-nettesheim/` - Retrieval round: 1. - Source family: `web:plato.stanford.edu`. - Origin: not established. - Snapshot digest: `d5e7b06f000d8acd89cee8cb909fd72e3e462b08d68944e3fdec6dba7536fe7f` - Fetched at: 2026-10-10T01:10:22.895270+00:00 - Venue: not recorded. - Authors: not recorded - Published: not recorded - Retracted: no. - Assessed tier: `expert_analysis`. - What was studied: The intellectual biography and philosophical writings of Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim, including De occulta philosophia and De incertitudine et vanitate scientiarum, examined for coherence of thought across his works. - Data collection: Textual and historical analysis: comparison of manuscript drafts (e.g., 1510 Würzburg MS vs. 1533 printed edition), review of correspondence, source-tracing of Agrippa's borrowings from Ficino, Pico, Reuchlin, and others, and synthesis of prior scholarly studies. - Sample: Not a sample in empirical sense; corpus consists of Agrippa's complete known works, letters, and primary sources by his contemporaries/predecessors, plus secondary scholarship listed in bibliography. - Controls: No experimental controls; relies on philological comparison of textual variants and cross-referencing of citations and historiographical debate among named scholars (e.g., Popkin, Keefer, Zambelli, Nauert) with explicit disagreement noted. - Statistical approach: None; this is qualitative historical-philosophical interpretation, not a quantitative study. - Funding: Not stated. Published by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, a nonprofit academic reference maintained by Stanford's Metaphysics Research Lab; funding of SEP generally comes from library subscriptions and donations, but no specific funding for this entry is disclosed. - Conflicts of interest: Not stated. Author is a named scholar (Vittoria Perrone Compagni) who has also authored/edited several of the cited primary source editions and secondary studies on Agrippa, which could represent an intellectual investment but is not disclosed as a conflict. - Does not state: Does not state peer-review process details, revision history specifics beyond noting 'substantive revision,' or any funding/grant acknowledgments. Does not disclose author's institutional affiliation within the text itself. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The entry's interpretive conclusions about Agrippa's 'internal coherence' and unifying 'cultural and religious project' go beyond what the textual evidence conclusively demonstrates, since the author acknowledges ongoing scholarly disagreement (e.g., Popkin vs. Keefer vs. Zambelli) about how to interpret the same textual record. #### `src_c2cb2334eb68c968dc6a7988` — A Comparison of Interrogation in Two Inquisitorial Courts of the Fourteenth Century1 - DocsLib - URL: `https://docslib.org/doc/4907658/a-comparison-of-interrogation-in-two-inquisitorial-courts-of-the-fourteenth-century1` - Retrieval round: 2. - Source family: `web:docslib.org`. - Origin: not established. - Snapshot digest: `b415d1b65301e82440fe968edb9a314e4e5e52548494517f4cf3fc02c5c50c2d` - Fetched at: 2026-10-10T01:14:48.152495+00:00 - Venue: not recorded. - Authors: not recorded - Published: not recorded - Retracted: no. - Assessed tier: `peer_reviewed`. - What was studied: Interrogation procedure and questionnaires used in two 14th-century inquisitorial courts (Geoffroy d'Ablis at Carcassonne and Jacques Fournier at Pamiers), comparing construction of inquests, summoning, and trial phases. - Data collection: Author analyzed primary inquisition registers: the full register of Geoffroy d'Ablis (17 trials) and a selected sample of 18 cases from the Jacques Fournier register, chosen by criteria like accusation type, social status, gender, and prior appearances. - Sample: 17 trials (complete) from d'Ablis's register; 18 selected cases from Fournier's much larger register, chosen non-randomly to represent variety of accusation, status, gender, and case linkages. - Controls: No experimental controls; this is historical/textual comparative analysis, not a controlled study. Selection criteria for the Fournier sample are stated but not a random or exhaustive method. - Statistical approach: None stated; qualitative comparative textual analysis of procedural and interrogation content. - Funding: Not stated. Article is derived from the author's MA thesis (Central European University, 2005); no funding source mentioned. - Conflicts of interest: Not stated. No conflicts of interest declared. - Does not state: No funding, no conflicts of interest, no statistical methodology, no peer-review process explicitly described for this specific article, and no justification for why the Fournier sample size (18) is representative beyond stated selection criteria. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The author explicitly notes the Fournier analysis is a 'report of a work in progress' based on a partial, non-random sample, while conclusions are framed comparatively across both full court registers; conclusions about Fournier's court practices rest on a subset, not the complete register. #### `src_20bdfe28ac344c36b6e3271e` — Comment communiquer et diffuser le 'crime' de sorcellerie et le sabbat au XVe siècle ? L'exemple des Errores gazariorum et du Flagellum hereticorum fascinariorum de Nicolas Jacquier - URL: `https://exa.ai/library/publication/m1795ffbq91` - Retrieval round: 2. - Source family: `web:exa.ai`. - Origin: not established. - Snapshot digest: `0db1a8124cdac21166b469c6e57a98c033abfd1f00b6663539576c4f9dbbac2c` - Fetched at: 2026-10-10T01:14:55.633847+00:00 - Venue: not recorded. - Authors: not recorded - Published: not recorded - Retracted: no. - Assessed tier: `expert_analysis`. - What was studied: Textual transmission and diffusion of two 15th-century treatises on witchcraft and the sabbat: the anonymous Errores Gazariorum (c.1436) and Nicolas Jacquier's Flagellum hereticorum fascinariorum (1458), across French- and German-speaking regions. - Data collection: Not stated beyond the abstract; presumably based on manuscript/textual history and tracing of transmission routes, but methodology is not described. - Sample: Two specific treatises and their manuscript/translation diffusion across named regions (Aosta Valley, French Switzerland, Basel, Palatinate, etc.); no quantified corpus size given. - Controls: Not stated. - Statistical approach: None stated; this is a historical/philological study, not a statistical analysis. - Funding: Not stated. - Conflicts of interest: Not stated. - Does not state: No methodology section, data collection process, funding, or conflict-of-interest disclosures are given; only an abstract is available, with full paper retrievable via API. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The abstract asserts specific transmission paths and connections to the Council of Basel and persecution sites as established facts, but no evidentiary basis (manuscript evidence, citations) is shown in the available text to support these claims. #### `src_e676d6053cfbefcfc2d0e23d` — Mythologies of Witchcraft in the Fifteenth Century - URL: `https://exa.ai/library/publication/68ls54spkg4` - Retrieval round: 2. - Source family: `web:exa.ai`. - Origin: not established. - Snapshot digest: `ee9a226852cdbf25f14cafa633febe560e85bf8217fc346a99bc7653ebc0d01e` - Fetched at: 2026-10-10T01:14:55.973146+00:00 - Venue: not recorded. - Authors: Richard Kieckhefer - Published: 2006-06-01 - Retracted: no. - Assessed tier: `unsupported`. - What was studied: Unstated — this is an index page from a search engine (Exa) showing only metadata for a publication titled 'Mythologies of Witchcraft in the Fifteenth Century' by Richard Kieckhefer, with no abstract or content provided. - Data collection: Not stated — no methodology is described; page only shows citation metadata (venue, DOI, citation/reference counts). - Sample: Not stated. - Controls: Not stated. - Statistical approach: Not stated. - Funding: Not stated. - Conflicts of interest: Not stated. - Does not state: The actual content, arguments, evidence, and methodology of the Kieckhefer publication are entirely absent; this page is a search-engine metadata listing, not the source itself. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The page makes no claims or conclusions of its own beyond bibliographic metadata, so there is no stated conclusion to compare against evidence. #### `src_91db37b7ca0b8a3774f4b03c` — Trends&Statistics - URL: `https://pages.uoregon.edu/dluebke/Witches442/Trends&Statistics.html` - Retrieval round: 2. - Source family: `web:pages.uoregon.edu`. - Origin: not established. - Snapshot digest: `6b44a26db45fd1591b9c99cb66b2398e60cbe090101fa25889774c116f423d3f` - Fetched at: 2026-10-10T01:15:06.713012+00:00 - Venue: not recorded. - Authors: David Luebke - Published: not recorded - Retracted: no. - Assessed tier: `technical_report`. - What was studied: Statistical trends in European witch trial prosecutions: execution rates by region and the sex ratio of accused witches, compiled from regional court records across several centuries. - Data collection: Figures are compiled secondhand from published scholarly monographs and a journal article, which themselves derived numbers from archival trial and court records; this compilation does not describe its own collection method beyond citing those sources. - Sample: Multiple regions (e.g., Fribourg, Geneva, Luxembourg, Scotland, Finland, Normandy) with varying year ranges and case counts, from dozens to over 900 persons tried per region; selection criteria for which regions/studies to include is not stated. - Controls: No controls described; this is a tabular compilation of counts and percentages across heterogeneous regions, time periods, and legal systems without accounting for differing judicial practices or record survival. - Statistical approach: Simple descriptive statistics: raw counts of persons tried and executed, with percentages calculated for execution rate and percent female. - Funding: Not stated. - Conflicts of interest: Not stated. - Does not state: No explanation of how underlying primary sources compiled their counts, no discussion of record completeness or bias, no funding or author affiliation, and no analysis of why rates vary so widely between regions. - Evidence-to-conclusion gap: The compilation presents cross-regional comparative tables implying broad comparability, but the underlying regions differ vastly in legal system, record-keeping, and time span, which the source does not address. ### Indexed sources Known by metadata alone — no bytes were fetched, so an indexed record **cannot support a claim**. These inform the citation graph and nothing else, and no finding in this document rests on one. - `src_998c353a59562d0086c0ed5c` — Origins of the Witches’ Sabbath (`https://doi.org/10.1515/9780271089515`), citations: 0 - `src_4e56c6ad19453feeff422745` — Origins of the Witch Hunts (`https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/history_pubs/57`), citations: 0 - `src_672a000503d7edc8eeb6635e` — Johannes Kepler's 'Somnium' and the Witches' Night Flight (`https://doi.org/10.54103/interfaces-08-05`), citations: 0 - `src_c12c8383290c990449e623b3` — De episcopis Hispaniarum : agents of continuity in the long fifth century (`http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13772`), citations: 0 - `src_cee6712e4061b29152d6d942` — Entre visions angéliques et transes chamaniques : le sabbat des sorcières dans le Formicarius de Nider (`https://doi.org/10.4000/medievales.710`), citations: 4 - `src_bfffc99496f53ce226ccbba3` — \"...and he shall rule over thee" The malleus maleficarum and the politics of misogyny, medecine, and midwifery (1484-present): A feminist historical inquiry (`https://summit.sfu.ca/_flysystem/fedora/sfu_migrate/5274/etd1626.pdf`), citations: 1 - `src_68bc89aad3a5b5e57271771c` — Pope Innocent VIII (1484-1492) and the Summis desiderantes affectibus (`https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/mmft_malleus/1`), citations: 0 - `src_ddde2f94208009b5561e4659` — Empowering Popularity: The Fuel Behind a Witch-Hunt (`http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1490710757496863`), citations: 0 - `src_c198e274ab047878dc4b877a` — Concerning Witches: Erastus’s Debate with Johann Weyer (`https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004215061_011`), citations: 0 - `src_2a0fe8c0577c1efbb49efcc3` — Why Witches Are Women (`https://doi.org/10.1556/aethn.48.2003.3-4.5`), citations: 3